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The history of single-sided circuit boards: Single-sided printed circuit boards were developed in the United States with the emergence of transistors in the early 1950s. At that time, the main production method was the direct etching of copper foil. From 1953 to 1955, Japan used imported copper foil to make paper phenolic copper foil substrate for the first time, and it was widely used in radios. In 1956, after the emergence of a professional Japanese circuit board manufacturer, the manufacturing technology of single-sided panels developed rapidly. In terms of materials, paper-based phenolic copper foil substrates were mainly used in the early days. However, due to factors such as low electrical insulation, poor soldering heat resistance, and distortion of phenolic materials, paper-based atmospheric resins, glass fiber epoxy resins, etc. Developed, the single-sided panels required by current consumer electronic machines almost use paper phenolic substrates. Features of single panel: The single-sided board is on the most basic PCB, the parts are concentrated on one side, and the wires are concentrated on the other side. Because the wires only appear on one side, we call this kind of PCB a single-sided (Single-sided). Because single-sided boards have many strict restrictions on the design of the circuit (because there is only one side, the wiring cannot cross and must be around a separate path), only early circuits use this type of board; Single-panel wiring diagrams are mainly screen printing, that is, a resist is printed on the copper surface, and after etching, the mark is printed with a solder mask, and finally the part guide hole and the part are completed by punching. shape. In addition, some products that are produced in small quantities and diversified use photoresist to form patterns. Double-sided circuit board There are wiring on both sides of Double-Sided Boards. However, to use wires on both sides, there must be a proper circuit connection between the two sides. The "bridge" between such circuits is called a via. A via is a small hole filled or coated with metal on the PCB, which can be connected to the wires on both sides. Because the area of the double-sided board is twice as large as that of the single-sided board, and because the wiring can be interleaved (it can be wound to the other side), it is more suitable for use in circuits that are more complicated than the single-sided board. Strictly speaking, the double-sided board is a very important PCB board in the circuit board. Its use is very large. It is also very simple to see whether a PCB board is a double-sided board. I believe that friends can understand the single-sided board. If you are sure, the double-sided board is an extension of the single-sided board, which means that the circuit of the single-sided board is not enough to turn to the reverse side. The important feature of the double-sided board is the through hole. Simply put, it is double-sided routing, with lines on both sides! One sentence is: a double-sided wiring board is a double-sided board! Some friends will ask, for example, a board with double-sided wiring, but only one side has electronic components. Is this board a double-sided or a single-sided board? The answer is obvious. Such a board is a double-sided board. It is just that parts are installed on the double-sided board. Simple distinction between multilayer circuit boards Circuit boards determine the process difficulty and processing price according to the number of wiring surfaces. Common circuit boards are divided into single-sided wiring and double-sided wiring, commonly known as single-sided and double-sided. However, high-end electronic products are restricted by product space design factors. In addition to the surface wiring, multiple layers of circuits can be superimposed inside. During the production process, after each layer of wiring is made, it is positioned and pressed by optical equipment, so that the multilayer circuits are superimposed on a circuit board. Commonly known as multilayer circuit boards. Any circuit board with more than or equal to 2 layers can be called a multilayer circuit board. Multilayer circuit boards can be divided into multilayer rigid circuit boards, multilayer soft and hard circuit boards, and multilayer soft and hard circuit boards. The birth of multilayer circuit boards The increase in the packaging density of integrated circuits has resulted in a high concentration of interconnect lines, which necessitates the use of multiple substrates. In the layout of the printed circuit, unforeseen design problems such as noise, stray capacitance, and crosstalk have appeared. Therefore, the printed circuit board design must focus on minimizing the length of signal lines and avoiding parallel routes. Obviously, in single-panel, or even double-panel, these requirements cannot be satisfactorily answered due to the limited number of crossovers that can be achieved. In the case of a large number of interconnection and crossover requirements, to achieve a satisfactory performance of the circuit board, the board layer must be expanded to more than two layers, thus a multilayer circuit board has appeared. Therefore, the original intention of manufacturing multi-layer circuit boards is to provide more freedom for selecting appropriate wiring paths for complex and/or noise-sensitive electronic circuits. Multilayer circuit boards have at least three conductive layers, two of which are on the outer surface, and the remaining layer is integrated into the insulating board. The electrical connection between them is usually achieved through plated through holes on the cross section of the circuit board. Unless otherwise specified, multi-layer printed circuit boards, like double-sided boards, are generally plated through holes. Multilayer boards are made by stacking two or more circuits on top of each other, and they have reliable pre-set interconnections. Since drilling and plating have been completed before all the layers are rolled together, this technique violates the traditional manufacturing process from the beginning. The two innermost layers are composed of traditional double panels, while the outer layers are different, they are composed of independent single panels. Before rolling, the inner plate will be drilled, through-hole plating, pattern transfer, development and etching. The outer layer to be drilled is the signal layer, which is plated through in such a way that a balanced copper ring is formed on the inner edge of the through hole. The layers are then rolled together to form a multi-substrate, which can be connected to each other (between components) using wave soldering. Rolling may be done in a hydraulic press or in an overpressure chamber (autoclave). In the hydraulic press, the prepared material (for pressure stacking) is placed under cold or preheated pressure (the material with high glass transition temperature is placed at a temperature of 170-180°C). The glass transition temperature is the temperature at which an amorphous polymer (resin) or part of the amorphous region of a crystalline polymer changes from a hard, rather brittle state to a viscous, rubbery state. Multilayer boards are put into use in professional electronic equipment (computers, military equipment), especially when the weight and volume are overloaded. However, this can only be achieved by increasing the cost of the multilayer board in exchange for an increase in space and a reduction in weight. In high-speed circuits, multi-layer boards are also very useful. They can provide designers of printed circuit boards with more than two layers of board surface to lay wires and provide large grounding and power supply areas.

After the Chinese new energy vehicle market began to vigorously promote electric vehicles, new energy vehicles are not a new thing. With the introduction of various national incentive policies for new energy vehicles, new energy vehicles have ushered in a blowout development. Which car companies have launched their own new energy vehicles, now the market price from tens of thousands to hundreds of thousands of yuan, millions of yuan of new energy vehicles are available. However, the circuit board factory also found that about pure electric vehicles, there has always been an inextricable topic, that is, the endurance of pure electric vehicles, how much can it achieve to satisfy everyone? Returning to the essence, whether it is a fuel car or a pure electric car, the fundamental attributes are all transportation tools, but due to the limitations of technology, the fundamental attributes of pure electric vehicles and fuel cars have made a difference in mobility. Fuel cars can not only meet short-distance The demand for travel can also be adapted to long-distance use, and pure electric vehicles are limited by battery capacity and charging speed, so they cannot meet the needs of long-distance use. When talking about the shortcomings of pure electric vehicles, many people will put the battery life issue first, because pure electric vehicles can not meet the demand for long-distance use, but the key factor of this problem is not the battery life itself, but supplement The way of energy. Most traditional fuel vehicles are calculated based on a 50-liter fuel tank and a fuel consumption of 8 liters per 100 kilometers, but the cruising range is only about 500 to 800 kilometers. The PCB editor found that some current technologies are more advanced pure electric Cars can also reach about 500 to 600 kilometers in terms of comprehensive cruising range. The biggest difference between the two is the way of supplementing energy. The former takes only a few minutes to complete, while the latter takes more than half an hour. It is the inconvenience of charging that has led to restrictions on the use of pure electric vehicles, which cannot meet the comprehensive needs of use, and is only suitable for daily travel. Then the direction of technological development should be placed on the charging technology and method. If it is impossible to break through, then the pure electric vehicles continue to improve the cruising range and still cure the symptoms. To improve the cruising range of pure electric, most manufacturers' methods are to increase the capacity of the battery, from 40kwh to 50kwh, and then to 60kwh. While the battery capacity increases, if the capacity density does not increase significantly, then it means the battery The self-esteem is constantly improving. One important factor that is easily overlooked is the 100-kilometer power consumption of pure electric vehicles. With the increase in battery capacity, the 100-kilometer power consumption has also increased from 10kwh to 20kwh. Although the battery life has been improved, the energy consumption It becomes larger, and most of the energy is offset by its own weight. This is a waste, which is contrary to the development essence of new energy vehicles. If the bottleneck of pure electric vehicles cannot be broken through, then it is better to re-examine the development direction of pure electric vehicles. Perhaps this energy method cannot completely replace fuel vehicles. Circuit board factory thinks. From the existing technical stage, pure electric vehicles are obviously more suitable for daily use, and from the needs of most people's vehicles, pure electric vehicles are also very suitable for mainstream people. Most people's car needs are within 50 kilometers per day, including commuting, shopping, family transfers, etc., if calculated according to a charge once a week, the endurance of 350 kilometers can already meet the demand, if the endurance mileage reaches 600 Kilometers, then it can already be charged once in about half a month, slow charging can only be completed in about 8 to 10 hours, and night charging will not affect any normal use requirements. While increasing the cruising range and increasing the battery capacity, we should pay more attention to the key data of 100 kilometers of power consumption. At the same time, we should also focus on improving the battery capacity density and changing the supplementary energy method, and simply improving the cruising range. It is difficult to satisfy everyone.

1. A-STAGE A stage Refers to the film (PREPREG) manufacturing process, when the glass cloth or cotton paper of the reinforcing material is impregnated through the glue tank, the resin glue (Varnish, also translated as varnish water) is still in the monomer and is The state of solvent dilution is called A-Stage. Relatively, when the glass cloth or cotton paper is sucked into the glue and dried by hot air and infrared rays, the molecular weight of the resin will increase to the complex or oligomer (Oligomer). It is attached to the reinforcing material to form a film. The resin state at this time is called B-Stage. When it is further heated and softened, and further polymerized into the final polymer resin, it is called C-Stage. 2.Addition agent---- Process additives to improve product properties, such as gloss or leveling agents required for electroplating. 3. Adhesion---- refers to the adhesion strength of the surface layer to the main body, such as the green paint on the copper surface, or the copper skin on the substrate surface, or the adhesion between the plating layer and the substrate. 4.Annular ring Refers to the copper ring that is flat on the surface of the board around the through hole. This hole ring is often connected to the outside ground by a cross bridge on the inner layer board, and is more often used as the end point or passing station of the line. In addition to being used as a transit station on the line, it can also be used as a pad for pin welding of parts. Synonymous with this word are pad (distribution ring), land (independent point), etc. 5.Artwork negative film--- In the circuit board industry, this word often refers to black and white negatives. As for the brown "azo film" (Diazo Film), it is also named after the phototool. The negatives used for PCBs can be divided into "original negatives" Master Artwork And the reprinted "working negative" working Artwork, etc. 6.Back-up pad It is padding under the circuit board during drilling, which is in direct contact with the machine table, which can avoid the damage of the drill and the table, and reduce the temperature of the drill, remove the waste debris in the chip removal groove, and reduce the occurrence of burrs on the copper surface, etc. Function. Generally, phenolic resin board or wooden paddle board can be used as raw material. 7. Binder Various adhesives in the laminate, or the dry film of the resist, added to "form" not too "scattering" adhesives and forming agents. 8.Black oxide In order for the multilayer board to maintain the strongest fixing force after being pressed, the copper conductor surface of the inner layer board must first be coated with a black oxide layer. At present, this roughening treatment is in order to adapt to different According to the needs, the improvement is browning treatment (Brown Oxide) or redning treatment, or brassing treatment. 9. Blind Via Hole Refers to the complex multi-layer board, some of the via holes only need a few layers of interconnection, so it is deliberately not completely drilled through, if one of the holes is connected to the ring of the outer layer, this kind of cup-shaped The special hole in the dead end is called "Blind Hole". 10. Bond strength refers to the strength of the unit (LB/IN2) applied per unit area when the adjacent layers are forced to be separated by force in the reverse direction (not torn). 11.Buried Via Hole refers to the local via hole of the multilayer board. When it is buried in the "inner through hole" between the layers in the multilayer board and is not "connected" with the outer layer board, it is called a buried via hole or simply a buried hole. 12. Burning refers to the area where the current density of the coating is too high, the coating has lost its metallic luster, and it appears as an off-white powder. 13.Card card board is an informal term for circuit boards, often referring to narrow or long boards with peripheral functions, such as adapter cards, memory cards, IC cards, and smart cards. 14.Catalyzing "Catalysis" is an additional "introducer" added to each reactant before the general chemical reaction, so that the required reaction can be carried out smoothly. In the circuit board industry, it refers specifically to the PTH process, its "palladium chloride" "The activation catalysis of the non-conductor sheet by the bath solution first buries the growing seeds of the electroless copper plating, but this academic term is now more commonly known as "Activation" or "Nuclearization" ( Nucleating) or "" (Seeding). Another Catalyst, its correct translation is "catalyst". 15.Chamfer chamfering In the gold finger area of the board edge of the circuit board, in order to facilitate the connection of the continuous contacts, not only to complete the work of cutting the bevel edge (Bevelling) on the front edge of the board edge, but also the board corner or direction slot (slot) The right angles of the mouth are also removed together, which is called "chamfer". It also refers to the chamfer between the end of the shank and the shank of the drill. 16.Chip die, chip, flake At the heart of various integrated circuit (IC) packages, die or chip (CHIP) with dense lines are installed. This kind of small "circuit chip" is a wafer (Wafer) assembled from multiple chips. ) From the above. 17.Component Side In the early era of full-through-hole insertion of circuit boards, the parts must be installed on the front of the board, so the front side is also called the "component side"; the back side of the board is only passed through the wave soldering tin wave, so it is also called It is "Soldering Side". At present, SMT boards must be bonded on both sides of the board, so there is no longer a "component side" or "solder side". It can only be called the front or back. Usually the front will be printed with The name of the manufacturer of the electronic device, and the UL code and production date of the circuit board manufacturer can be added on the reverse side of the board. 18.Conditioning the whole hole The term broadly refers to its own "adjustment" or "adjustment" to enable it to adapt to later conditions, and narrowly refers to the fact that dry plates and pore walls are "hydrophilic" and with "before entering the PTH process. "Positive charge", and at the same time complete the cleaning work, can continue to carry out other subsequent treatments. Before this through-hole process is launched, the action of finishing the hole wall first, called hole conditioning (Hole conditioning) treatment. 19.Dent depression refers to the gentle and uniform depression on the copper surface, which may be caused by the localized protruding part of the steel plate used for lamination.If there is a regular decline in the fault edge, it is called Dish Down. 20. Desmearing slag removal Refers to the circuit board in the frictional heat of drilling, when its temperature exceeds the Tg of the resin, the resin will soften and even form a fluid and coat the hole wall with the rotation of the drill bit.After cooling, it forms a fixed paste residue, making the inner layer of copper The gap between the hole ring and the copper hole wall made later. Therefore, at the beginning of PTH, the formed slag should be removed by various methods to achieve the purpose of subsequent good connection (Connection). 21. Diazo Film It is a negative film with a brown light-blocking film. It is a special exposure tool for ultraviolet light (PHOTOTOOL) when transferring dry film images. This azo brown film can be in "visible light" even in the brown shading area. It is more convenient to see through the bottom plate of the film than the black and white film. 22.Dielectric medium It is the abbreviation of "dielectric substance", which originally refers to the insulation between the two plates of the capacitor, and now generally refers to the insulation between any two conductors, such as various resins and matched cotton paper, and glass cloth, etc. All belong to it. 23. Diffusion Layer is another name for the extremely thin "cathod film" formed on the cathode surface of the plated parts in the liquid during electroplating. 24. Dimensional Stability Refers to the change in length, width, and flatness of the board under the influence of temperature change, humidity, chemical treatment, aging (Aging), or applied pressure, which is generally expressed as a percentage. When the PCB board surface is away from the vertical highest point of the reference plane (such as a marble platform), then the thickness of the board is deducted, which is its vertical deformation, or the height of the board is measured directly by using a steel needle for aperture measurement. The amount of deformation is used as a molecule, and then the length of the board or the length of the diagonal is used as the mother component. The resulting percentage is the characterization of scale stability, commonly known as "dimensional stability". 25. Drum Side copper foil smooth The electroplated copper foil is plated with copper foil on the smooth "titanium carcass" of the stainless steel cathode wheel (Drum) with high current density (about 1000ASF) in copper sulfate solution. The rough rough surface of the liquid and the smooth carcass surface close to the wheel body, the latter is called "Drum Side". 26. Dry Film It is a dry photosensitive film resist used for circuit board image transfer, and it is also sandwiched by two layers of PE and PET to protect it. The PE isolation layer can be torn off during site construction to allow the middle photosensitive resist film Pressed on the copper surface of the board, after the negative film is exposed, the PET surface protective film can be torn off, washed and developed to form a partial resist of the circuit pattern, and then etching (inner layer) or electroplating ( Outer layer) process, and finally after etching copper and stripping the film, the board surface with bare copper lines is obtained. 27. Electrodeposition electroplating Direct current is applied to the electroplating solution containing metal ions, so that the metal can be plated on the cathode. This term is also synonymous with Electroplating, or simply plating. The more formal way is electro ytic plating. It is a kind of experience. Yuxue's processing technology. 28. Elongation often refers to the part of the metal that will grow under tension (tension) until it breaks before it occurs.The percentage of the original length is called elongation. 29. Entry Material Cover When drilling the circuit board, in order to prevent the pressure foot on the drill shaft from causing indentation on the board surface, an additional aluminum cover plate is required on the copper foil substrate. This cover plate also has the ability to reduce the sway and slip of the drill pin. Reduce the heat of the drill and reduce the generation of hairs and other functions. 30. Epoxy Resin It is a thermosetting polymer with extremely wide application. It can be used for molding, packaging, painting, and adhesion. In the circuit board industry, it is the most expensive insulation and bonding application. The resin can be combined with glass cloth, glass cloth mat, and white kraft paper to form a plate, and can accommodate various added additives to achieve the purpose of flame retardancy and high function.It is used as a base material for circuit boards at all levels. 31. Exposure Using the energy of ultraviolet (UV) energy, the photosensitive material in the dry film or printing ink undergoes a photochemical reaction to achieve the effect of selective local bridge hardening, and the purpose of completing image transfer is called exposure. 32. Fabric fabric refers to the carrier "gang cloth" stretched on the frame by the printing plate, usually its material is polyester (Polyester, pet) stainless steel and nylon (Nylon), etc., the term is also called cloth. 33. Haloing white edge, white circle It refers to the phenomenon that when the board of the circuit board is being drilled, slotted and other mechanical actions, once it is too fierce, it will cause the internal resin to break or the micro layer to crack, which is called HaLoing. The original meaning of the word halo refers to The halo above the Western "God" is similar to the "white circle" appearing on the board, so it is particularly extended to become the term for the circuit board. In addition, the original "pink circle" is also used by the word Pink Halo . 34. Hot Air Levelling The green printed semi-finished board is immersed in molten tin, so that the hole wall and the bare copper pad are covered with solder, and then immediately lifted from the tin bath, and then the hole is filled with high pressure hot air from both sides. The tin is blown out, but the hole wall and the board surface are still covered with a layer of solder that is helpful for soldering. This process is called "spray tin", which is directly translated by the mainland industry as "hot air leveling." Because of the traditional vertical Tin-spraying will cause the phenomenon of "Solder Sag" on the lower edge of each upright solder pad, which is very unfavorable for the stability of surface bonding, and may even cause footless resistors or capacitors to weld at both ends. Under the imbalance of power, the tombstoning effect of instantaneous floating during welding increases the trouble of post-weld repair. The new "horizontal spray tin" method, the tin surface is very flat, can avoid this phenomenon. 35. Internal Stress When the metal lattice structure (Lattice Structure) is deformed by the "external force" in the Elastic Range, it is called "elastic deformation". However, if the external force is large and exceeds the elastic range, it will cause another A plastic deformation (Plasic Deformation), also known as "slip" (Slip), once so, even after the external force is removed, it cannot be restored. The former elastically deformed metal atom wants to return to its original force, which is called "elastic stress" (Elastic Stress) is also called "Internal Stress" (Internal Stress), also known as "Residual Stress" (Residual Stress). 36. Kraft Paper When laminating or laminating the multi-layer board or substrate board, kraft paper is used as a heat transfer buffer. It is placed between the hot plate (Platern) of the laminating machine and the steel plate to ease the closest The heating curve of bulk materials. Make the temperature difference between the multiple layers of substrates or multilayer boards as close as possible to the temperature of each layer of the board. The commonly used specifications are 90 pounds to 150 pounds. Because of the high temperature and high pressure, the fibers in the paper It has been crushed and no longer has a toughened surface that is difficult to function, so you must try to replace it. This kind of kraft paper is a mixed solution of pine wood and various strong alkalis. After the volatiles escape and the acids are removed, then Carry out water washing and precipitation; after it becomes pulp, it can be pressed again to become rough and cheap paper. 37. Laminate (s) substrate, laminate Refers to the substrate board used to manufacture the circuit board, referred to as the substrate. The structure of the substrate is a film (Prepreg) composed of resin, glass fiber cloth, glass fiber mat, or white kraft paper as an adhesive layer. It is a composite plate formed by laminating with copper foil overlaid and then pressed in high temperature and high pressure. Its official name is copper foil substrate CCL (Copper Claded Laminates). 38.Lay Up Before laminating the multi-layer board or substrate, various loose materials such as inner layer board, film and copper skin, steel plate, kraft paper padding, etc. must be aligned, aligned, or registered for convenience. Can be carefully fed into the press for heat

When it comes to electric vehicles, battery safety and cruising range are the two major concerns. The editor of the automotive circuit board(Cheap PCB Prototype) found that under the occasional spontaneous combustion event, the strict restrictions on battery overcharge and overdischarge increase the frequency and items of battery maintenance, coupled with the maturity of battery technology and the formation of new car habits, Concerns and concerns about battery safety have gradually decreased. Today, a range of 400 kilometers has become the standard for electric vehicles. Cars with a range of 500 kilometers will also become mainstream in 2020, and cars with a range of more than 600 kilometers have also appeared. With the upgrading of vehicle models and battery technology, the energy management system has also been optimized, and the cruising range is closer to reality. In terms of charging speed, full 80% in 30 minutes has become the industry standard. As long as the itinerary is well planned and adapted to your own car habits, charging speed is no longer a problem. Furthermore, Tesla-style fast charging will alleviate this problem in the future. The PCB factory believes that it is more intelligent, the cost of using the car is lower, and the use of the car is more comfortable. So why can't electric vehicles be recognized by the market and quickly achieve mass popularization? In addition to the concerns about the decline in battery life and the cost of power battery replacement, the most important thing is the small number of charging piles and the uneven layout. In the evaluation process of various electric vehicles, battery life is always regarded as one of the most important content, and others are easily overlooked, such as the cost of car use, car control, and so on. In fact, if you can solve the problem of own parking charging piles, then the problem of electric vehicles is solved by one third, and the other one third depends on the popularity of public charging piles. The circuit board factory was informed that although the number of charging piles has exceeded the number of electric vehicles, the quality of the charging piles is uneven, the layout is unreasonable, and the charging parking spaces are occupied, etc., resulting in the shortage of public charging piles can not be resolved . Eventually, in the process of electric vehicle owners, they need to find charging piles in the route planning in advance, and they have to consider whether they can be used, whether they will be occupied, and will be charged extra. For example, if every gas station becomes a charging station, or even only a few charging piles need to be set up, this balanced layout will solve this one-third problem of the popularity of electric vehicles. The reality is that there are more charging piles in coastal cities in the east and south than in the west and middle, the north where the national grid is located is more than the south in the southern grid, and the charging piles in the first-tier cities are more than in other cities. Two barrels of oil can't borrow flowers to offer Buddha, and give away to the competitors the fueling network that they have worked so hard to build. In densely populated urban areas, the amount of electricity used for short-distance travel is low, and the number of charging posts is no longer a problem. However, the problem of electric vehicles running long distances ultimately requires a more reasonable and balanced distribution of public charging piles. As long as the worries and inconveniences of long-distance travel of electric vehicles are resolved, electric vehicles have the practical possibility of rapid and large-scale popularization. Of course, there is another one-third of the problem, that is, the current high price of electric vehicles. The price of the same car will be doubled if it is replaced by an electric car. Although the cost of batteries is high, is it not an obstacle to suppress consumption? This is essentially a problem of the market. With mass car companies entering new fields in 2020, let the market compete freely to accomplish its mission. Today, the popularity of electric vehicles is no longer an issue for electric vehicles, nor is it a problem that it can solve by itself. When Weilai began to build large-scale power exchange stations, Tesla and Xiaopeng built their own charging piles, and there are already enough charging pile operating companies on the market. Subsidies for new energy vehicles have also been directed to charging infrastructure, but why is there still heavy thunder Small? This is a chicken or egg first thing. Perhaps the market pre-emptively foresees that the breakthrough of the scale and volume of electric vehicles is difficult, so they dare not quickly and cost-effectively popularize charging piles, but this measure hinders the true popularization of electric vehicles, and ultimately leads to insufficient profitability of charging pile operations. From the supply side, the two barrels of oil can still compete with each other in one market. Why can't the two networks be? In the final analysis, the slow adoption of electric vehicles and the lack of market recognition are no longer a problem of vehicles, but of the power grid. The divide-and-conquer of the North and South power grids eventually led to the shortage of public charging piles, which caused electric vehicles to fall into the abyss on the eve of the popularity. Who is delaying the electric car is not the car itself or the fuel car. From the source, it is caused by insufficient competition and inadequate supply-side power grid. This problem seems to be no one can solve. In the end, electric vehicles can only become Products from niche markets.

The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People's Republic of China officially issued 5G commercial licenses to the four major operators in June 2019. It has now accumulatively activated more than 1 million users, mainly concentrated on the use of 12 5G mobile phones. The PCB factory learned that according to the feedback from various users, the 5G network currently used can already download 10 times faster than 4G, which is very smooth. Today, it has been half a year since China's 5G commercial use. In the past six months, more and more people have experienced the high speed of 5G. At the same time, they also feel that high speed, high bandwidth and low latency not only bring faster than 4G, but also a great change. 5G+AI is the underlying technology of this revolution. 5G brings about the reconfiguration of computing power in the cloud, management, edge, and end, and AI solves the natural interaction between people and it, making wisdom and intelligence ubiquitous. 5G is not a simple upgrade of 4G, but an expansion of the industry and ecological reconstruction. Circuit board manufacturers feel that in the current 4G era, mobile Internet is widely used, and people are used to using one hardware + multiple applications. With the development of 5G and the Internet of Things, there will be a variety of smart hardware devices flooding the users like a tide. It is expected that by 2023, it will develop into multiple hardware + full-scenario services, design multiple scenarios, and application and empowerment of the entire industry chain. This major change is mainly reflected in three aspects. Change 1: Accelerate the upgrade of mobile phone software and hardware, and innovate business scenarios 5G brings large bandwidth and interactive changes. In the past, people could only choose to watch videos on TV, but now the HD video scene experience has improved. Not only can people choose to use different terminals to watch videos and live broadcasts online, they can also enjoy better picture clarity. At the same time, the development of technology has improved the computing power of the chip and the 5G uplink capacity. People can see online content at any time, and the video content production industry is gradually emerging. In addition, the combination of AI algorithm fusion and 5G low latency has gradually matured cloud services. Cloud games and cloud offices have gradually entered people's field of vision, facilitating and enriching the entertainment and production of people. Change 2: Pan-smart terminals build a full-scenario ecology and services In recent years, as the development of smartphones has entered a platform period, the brand intestine has begun to build a multi-terminal ecosystem, integrating Tietong to provide full-scenario services. The editor of the circuit board found that pan-intelligent terminals are beginning to emerge, and mobile phones that can predict thinking, mechanical equipment worn on the body, unmanned supermarkets and containers, smart homes with automatic induction, and so on. From smart homes to smart cities, from pan-family smart home terminals to the formation of smart ecosystems in medical, industrial, and financial industries, people are getting closer and closer to smart life. In the increasingly open Internet era, whether it is a terminal manufacturer, an Internet company, or a telecom operator, the boundaries of the industry are becoming more and more blurred, and they are expanding from existing businesses to vertical businesses. Change 3: Changes in market value, billing dimensions, and monetization methods bring about deep-level model changes 4G is changing lives, and mobile Internet is making content video production more and more powerful. It seems to be dazzling the Internet. In fact, the billing dimension and monetization method are only the choice of traffic, and the market value can only be reflected in the connection. In the 5G era, terminal manufacturers, channel providers, content providers, and operators will all find value positioning, actively explore new industrial models, and highlight the value of content, computing power, and experience; speed, delay, and slicing become New billing dimension; cashing methods will appear such as network capabilities, cloud capabilities, business scenarios and other cashing methods, more diverse.

Waymo One, the world's most intelligent car, came out on December 5, 2018. He is equipped with the world's best artificial intelligence technology Robo-Taxi service, which was developed by Waymo, an autonomous driving company owned by Google's parent company Alphabet. The automotive PCB editor learned that after more than eight months of operation, Waymo found that although the technology has improved, Waymo One's service still needs a lot of human factors to improve, including the coordination of the management department to deal with new things, Community support and the efforts of fleet maintenance personnel. The support of the management department requires the coordinated support of city managers (mainly traffic police) and emergency response personnel (mainly firefighting, hospitals and other departments), good infrastructure construction and residents `popular science communication. Fleet maintenance personnel mainly need more The "driver (safety officer)" and fleet maintenance personnel. The commercialization of autonomous vehicles is a process of continuous adaptation between humans and autonomous driving technology. In this process, participants need to make some changes to varying degrees, which may include service processes, travel habits, road construction, parking Construction of the field, etc. Social support In the process of commercialization of autonomous driving, the coordinated support of urban management and service departments, infrastructure construction and popular science communication required by residents can be called social support. At present, Waymo One mainly provides services in Arizona. What kind of social support is required for the commercialization of autonomous driving. I believe that the state's managers are more clear. In the past few years, Arizona has been supporting Waymo `s testing and commercial operations in the state. In order for Waymo One `s self-driving vehicles to better drive on the road, the municipality needs to conduct Remodel. In addition, the police, fire department and hospitals are required to work together to strengthen the management of autonomous vehicles and respond to possible accidents. Chandler Police Chief Sean Duggan said the police station and Waymo cooperated to determine how emergency vehicle alarms work so that Waymo can respond. Circuit board manufacturers also feel that Waymo needs to develop some details, including how to collect fines and how to formulate a comprehensive state agreement, so that each different jurisdiction has uniform enforcement standards. Including traffic police, firefighting and hospital emergency departments, all need to be trained on how to respond to accidents with autonomous vehicles because they are more complicated than ordinary vehicles. For community residents, the most dissatisfied is the driving speed of autonomous vehicles, because it is slower than most human drivers. In previous reports, residents treated autonomous vehicles in various ways, including raising guns, harassing security officers, throwing stones, etc. Duggan also said that he and the fire chief have been receiving calls from police and fire stations throughout the United States. The content of the calls is mainly about concerns and curiosity about this technology, and how to supervise this technology, especially in 2018. After Uber killed a pedestrian in the city of Tempe in October. Writer Dan Albert believes that the current driving level of self-driving vehicles is like a 15-year-old driver (normally 18 years old to get a driver's license), hoping to get a driver's license, but not yet a mature driver. This is related to the current development level of autonomous driving technology. In the future, autonomous driving technology will certainly be able to train mature drivers. Therefore, the most important thing is that Waymo needs to change the mindset of most people who think that cars are the people who need human drivers. Arizona Governor Doug Ducey believes that people `s perception of autonomous driving is complex. The technology is disruptive in many ways, but it will also be an innovative new job. Fleet maintenance In the past two months, Waymo has released dozens of recruitment needs. One of the new positions is "emergency supervisor", because Waymo needs to provide services 24 hours a day, which requires the establishment of a large team of emergency personnel, including security Crew, fleet maintenance personnel and service personnel. The process of providing services in Arizona still requires human participation. For example, there was a time when Waymo `s self-driving vehicle was driving at a high speed and was not stopped by the police when it was called to stop, so Waymo `s security officer intervened, took over the vehicle and stopped, but in the end the police still took the vehicle Dragged away. Therefore, Waymo needs to ensure that if the police want to issue a ticket for a violation of the autonomous vehicle, they can dial a 7X24-hour phone number. The editor of the circuit board believes that there is another important point that Waymo must confirm that the services provided throughout the entire process are complete end-to-end user experience services. The promise and hope of many self-driving companies is to remove drivers, so that humans do not have to be troubled by the repetitive action of driving, but DanAlbert believes that in the actual service process, the interaction between people is still transportation service. An important part of. This is especially true for people like Robo-Taxi who serve people. At present, in addition to training a safety driver for each car, Waymo also needs to equip each garage that provides Waymo One Robo-Taxi service with the necessary vehicle service personnel, including vehicle maintenance, car washing and fueling services, and vehicle Preparation and so on. In order to better provide services for autonomous vehicles, Waymo has gained a lot of experience from personnel interaction and feedback from Waymo One's safety staff. For example, in Phoenix, based on feedback from passengers, trees, pedestrians, and bicycles are displayed on the display in the car. Although the progress of autonomous driving technology has made considerable progress, in Phoenix and other areas with more severe weather and weather, more passengers are still needed to help the autonomous driving system do better. Waymo CEO John Krafcikz also said that Waymo vehicles need more open road driving experience. By the end of 2018, Waymo's public road driving mileage exceeded 10 million miles. In order to allow more passengers to participate, Waymo and Lyft cooperate to reward a fleet of 10 self-driving cars in Phoenix, hoping that more passengers will know what Waymo is and what they are doing. In the future, Waymo hopes the scale of the new fleet More than the current Waymo fleet size. Investment banks are optimistic about the commercial value of autonomous driving. UBS raised Waymo `s valuation from $ 45 billion to $ 135 billion, Morgan Stanley positioned Waymo `s valuation to $ 175 billion, and Jefferies gave it a $ 250 billion. Valuation. UBS said that by 2030, Waymo can generate up to $ 114 billion in revenue by providing Robo-Taxi services. In addition to Waymo, Uber, Tesla, GM Cruise and other companies are all promoting the development of autonomous driving technology and have formulated corresponding commercialization plans. However, the future is bright and the road is tortuous. The current autonomous driving technology requires more human participation if it is to be commercialized on a large scale. Including regulatory departments, social service departments, fleet maintenance personnel, and the most important passengers.

According to recent data released by the China Association of Automobile Manufacturers, from January 2019 to October 2019, the production and sales of electric vehicles were 983,000 and 947,000, respectively, and the growth rate fell to 11.7% and 10.2% respectively, while October 2019 The production and sales of electric vehicles were completed at 95,000 and 75,000, respectively, down 35.4% and 45.6% year-on-year. In fact, with the implementation of the new energy subsidy policy in 2019, domestic sales of new energy vehicles have continued to decline, and the China Automobile Association predicts that for the first time this year, new energy vehicles will experience negative growth for the first time. Circuit board editors also found that affected by the decline in sales of new energy vehicles, the upstream industry chain including power batteries, materials, and equipment has been significantly under pressure. In the third quarter, nearly 50% of the listed companies' net profit declined to varying degrees. Frankly speaking, although China still has an advantage in the field of new energy vehicles, it has to admit that China's new energy vehicle market is still in the initial stage of development. There are huge pressures and challenges on both sides. At present, the domestic new energy vehicle market is "falling in the wind", and Europe is now "passionate" about electrification. The circuit board factory feels that European car companies represented by Volkswagen have begun electrification transformation. Volkswagen announced that it will produce more than 1 million electric vehicles in 2025 and sell about 22 million globally in 2028; national policy level is also supporting, ID . 3 At the off-line ceremony, German Chancellor Angela Merkel came to the scene and proposed to invest 3.5 billion euros in expanding public charging piles. The government will also extend the subsidy policy for 5 years and upgrade it. Significantly increased by 50%. Not only Europe, but also countries and regions such as the US and India are also undergoing electrification transformation. The United States is brewing $ 454 billion in new energy subsidy policies, and the Indian government is planning a bottom-up electrification strategy. Between this trade-off, the dullness of the domestic new energy market is more prominent. With the "awakening" of global electrification, the first-mover advantage and window period established by China in the past 10 years may be rapidly reduced. It is an urgent task to find the right direction to maintain the competitiveness of China's new energy vehicle industry. The most critical point is all-round support at the policy level. Many experts, including Chen Qingtai, believe that the country is the first driving force for the transformation of automotive power technology. Therefore, in the face of market fluctuations caused by the subsidy retreat, we should continue to unswervingly electrify the road; in addition, coordinate the continuation of the policy, do a good job on the supply side and the demand side of the effective regulation, maintain pressure, enhance the forward-looking policy, Targeted. On the supply side, the government and enterprises will work together to strengthen their conviction and unite their strengths to promote industry transformation and breakthroughs. On the demand side, the tax exemption policy can be continued to guide the positive demand. The government can also formulate differentiated policies for new energy vehicles in terms of road rights, highway and bridge tolls, parking spaces and parking fees, so as to build a market-oriented development of the new energy vehicle industry. Long-term mechanism. PCB editors believe that the automotive industry is ushering in a huge change that has not been seen in a century. In the past decade, China's electrification has led the world. Right now, from the middle to the middle of the boat, the water is turbulent and the rivers are in a hurry. Only by eliminating the constraints and making a comprehensive plan can we strive first, and we should be alert to the loss of the first-mover advantage that we have achieved.

Artificial intelligence has had a lot of intersections with the medical field for a long time. Through the analysis of the application of artificial intelligence AI technology in the medical field, the current artificial intelligence AI technology is mainly used in five major areas, namely: medical imaging, auxiliary diagnosis, drug development , Health management, disease prediction. 01. Medical imaging Leveraging the development advantages of medical imaging big data and image recognition technology, medical imaging has become the most mature field in the combination of artificial intelligence and medical in China. The editor of the battery circuit board understands that no matter from the financing situation (2018, the financing amount in the first three quarters was 2.6 billion yuan), or the top ten estimated income in 2018, the AI medical imaging industry has performed well, and there are already mature products in the areas of tuberculosis, fundus, breast cancer, and cervical cancer, but because of this field, there has been no medical case so far. AI products have obtained three types of medical device certificates. Therefore, most of the basic medical imaging products in China are in the trial stage in hospitals, and companies in this field have basically not achieved profitability. 02. Auxiliary diagnosis Medical imaging, electronic medical records, guiding robots, and virtual assistants are the main application scenarios. The circuit board factory also found that most of the products are a complete set of software and hardware solutions. At present, the products are still in the polishing stage, and the service charging model may be preferred in the future. 03. Drug research and development Domestic new drug R & D is still dominated by generic drugs and improved drugs. Therefore, compared with foreign A1 drug R & D industry, the domestic layout is relatively backward, but the business model is clear, mainly for AI companies and pharmaceutical companies to develop new drugs. 04. Health management The editor of the circuit board learned that this field in China is not yet mature, mainly focusing on chronic disease management and maternal and child management. The business model is mainly based on health examinations paid by enterprises and individuals, and the subsequent payment model needs to be mature. 05 . Disease prediction China mainly focuses on the field of genetic testing. Due to the existence of technical barriers, the upstream of this field is basically monopolized by foreign companies, and the downstream is mainly the hospital delivery model and the third-party testing model.

What is fiberglass board Fiberglass board, outside covered with cloth, leather, etc., to make a beautiful wall, ceiling decoration. It is widely used. It has the characteristics of sound absorption, sound insulation, heat insulation, environmental protection, flame retardant and so on. Alias of glass fiber board: glass fiber insulation board, glass fiber board (FR-4), glass fiber composite board, made of glass fiber material and high heat resistance composite material, without harmful asbestos ingredients. It has higher mechanical properties and dielectric properties, better heat resistance and moisture resistance, and has good workability. Used in plastic molds, injection molds, machinery manufacturing, molding machines, drilling machines, injection molding machines, motors, PCB.ICT fixtures, tabletop grinding pads. Injection molds usually require high-temperature materials and low-temperature molds. The heat insulation method must be adopted under the same machine condition. Keep the injection molding temperature low while not overheating the injection molding machine. This requirement can be met by installing an insulation board between the injection mold and the injection machine. Shorten the production cycle, increase productivity, reduce energy consumption, improve the quality of finished products, continuous production process to ensure product quality stability, prevent overheating of the machine, no electrical failures, no oil leakage in the hydraulic system. Advantages of glass fiber board Has high mechanical properties and electrical resistance, as well as good heat resistance and moisture resistance, as well as good workability. Generally used in plastic mold and machinery manufacturing. Requirements for injection mold molding: high temperature and low temperature; heat insulation method must be used under the same machine condition, and the temperature of the injection molding machine cannot be too high, nor can injection molding be low temperature. Just install an insulation board between the injection mold and the host. It can shorten production time, thereby increasing productivity, reducing energy consumption, and improving the quality of finished products. The use of fiberglass board 1. Construction industry: can be used for cooling towers, building structures, indoor equipment and decorative parts, FRP flat panels, decorative panels, and solar energy utilization devices, etc. 2. Chemical industry: it can be used as corrosion-resistant pipes, corrosion-resistant delivery pumps and their accessories, as well as grilles, ventilation facilities and wastewater and sewage treatment equipment, etc. 3. Automobile and railway transportation industry: it can be used as car shell and other parts, as well as the body shell, door, inner panel and instrument panel of large passenger cars; in the road construction part, there are street signs, isolation pier and highway guardrail and many more. 4. Glass fiber board performance, glass fiber board, generally can be used for soft package base layer, and then coated with cloth, leather, etc., can be made into beautiful wall and ceiling decoration. 5. Often extensive, and has the advantages of sound absorption, sound insulation, heat insulation, environmental protection, flame retardant and so on. The good insulation properties make it already used in radar enclosures. At the same time, it is also a good anti-corrosion material, which has been widely used in the chemical industry. Glass fiber board has the advantage of strong plasticity. What is an aluminum substrate Aluminum substrate is a metal-based copper-clad plate with good heat dissipation function. Generally, a single panel is composed of a three-layer structure, which is a circuit layer (copper foil), an insulating layer and a metal base layer. For high-end use, some are designed as double-sided panels, and the structure is a circuit layer, an insulating layer, an aluminum base, an insulating layer, and a circuit layer. Very few applications are multi-layer boards, which can be formed by laminating ordinary multi-layer boards with insulating layers and aluminum bases. Advantages of aluminum substrate The heat dissipation is obviously better than the standard FR-4 structure. The dielectric used is usually 5 to 10 times the thermal conductivity of conventional epoxy glass, and one tenth of the thickness Heat transfer index is more efficient than traditional rigid PCB. You can use a lower copper weight than shown in the IPC recommendations. The use of aluminum substrate 1. Audio equipment: input, output amplifier, balance amplifier, audio amplifier, pre-amplifier, power amplifier, etc. 2. Power supply equipment: switching regulator `DC / AC converter` SW regulator, etc. 3. Communication electronic equipment: high-frequency amplifier `filtering appliance` sending circuit. 4. Office automation equipment: motor driver, etc. 5. Automobile: electronic regulator `igniter` power controller, etc. 6. Computer: CPU board `floppy disk drive` power supply device, etc. 7. Power module: converter `solid relay` rectifier bridge etc. Aluminum substrates have a wide range of applications. General audio equipment, power supply equipment, communication electronic equipment, office automation equipment, automobiles, computers, power modules all have aluminum substrates. Three major differences between glass fiber board and aluminum substrate 1. The price The important components of LED fluorescent tube are: circuit board, LED chip and driving power supply. Commonly used circuit boards are divided into two types: aluminum substrate and glass fiber board. Comparison of the price of glass fiber board and aluminum substrate, the price of glass fiber board will obviously be much cheaper, but the performance of aluminum substrate will be more superior with glass fiber board. 2. Technology The glass fiber board can be divided into three types of double-sided copper foil glass fiber board, perforated copper foil glass fiber board and single-sided copper foil glass fiber board according to the different materials and manufacturing processes. The price will also be different. The price of glass fiber board produced by different materials and processes is also different. The LED fluorescent tube using glass fiber board is not as good in heat dissipation as the LED fluorescent tube using aluminum substrate. 3. Performance Everyone knows that the aluminum substrate has good heat dissipation performance, and its heat dissipation performance is much better than that of the glass fiber board. Because the aluminum substrate has good thermal conductivity, the aluminum substrate plays an important role in the field of LED lamps.

We often have some key areas in the medical field. Because the space is extremely small and the tolerances of medical devices are extremely small, even many are sub-micron, so now the multi-sensor measurement system is widely favored in the medical field. Maintain and improve the quality of medical equipment. In the field of orthopedic transplantation, like artificial total hip ball and socket joints, tibial, total knee and ankle implants require highly accurate measurements. The surfaces of these implants are higher-order curves composed of non-uniform rational spline curves (NURBS). The editor of the circuit board found that because the transplant components must match the prosthetic parts or even the parts implanted in the human body, they often have irregular shapes and curved shapes. Complex 3D curves increase the difficulty of measuring all planes from one direction, making it difficult for some types of sensors to effectively measure them. The video measuring system is suitable for measuring prismatic workpieces with intersecting planes. When the planes intersect, edges appear, and the video can easily measure the edges. Orthopedic implant components are usually composed of continuous regular curves (artificial hip joint accessories) or complex contoured surfaces (artificial knee joint accessories), whose shape is exactly like the contours of human organs. These surfaces have few or no planes or intersecting edges. Although video sensors are good at measuring edges and surface points, it is very laborious and impractical to use a large number of data points to obtain data of even a linear section of a contoured surface. Triggered probes have the same limitations, because the probe needs to be close to each point and return to the position after triggering-although it has certain feasibility, it is also not suitable for measuring large quantities of products. The best way to determine whether the artificial knee joint bionic curve profile meets the design requirements is to use laser measurement. How does the laser sensor work in the multi-sensor measurement system? The laser sensor projects light onto the surface of the workpiece. The sensor obtains reflected light and scattered light and automatically calculates the distance between the measuring point of the laser and the workpiece in the 3D space. The laser can measure a point, or when the workpiece moves under the laser or the laser scans the workpiece, a series of data points can also be obtained and calculated. Users can customize the sampling interval and sampling rate. When the laser beam moves through the workpiece, the measurement software can continuously calculate the distance between the laser and the surface of the workpiece. The closed-loop positioning controlled by the Z-axis platform keeps the laser sensor within the capture range. This allows the precise location of data points to be quickly obtained. Laser focusing is faster and more accurate than video autofocus. Because the laser is a non-contact sensor, it avoids potential damage to the workpiece surface and potential contamination of sterile workpieces. In most cases, it may be difficult for the operator to fix the knee prosthesis to ensure that the laser is directed at all critical surfaces. At this time, installing the prosthesis on the rotary indexing table is a solution, while reducing the manual loading and unloading of workpieces and fixtures, thereby speeding up the measurement speed. Generally, a probe is used to establish a reference from the knee bending surface, and then the indexing table is rotated to rotate the knee joint prosthesis to present the most ideal surface measured by the laser sensor. Because it is a reference set on the opposite side of the surface to be measured, the measurement system must be equipped with complete 3D measurement software. When the indexer rotates, the software can rotate the coordinate system. In this case, regardless of the position of the rotary indexer, each data point captured by the laser is traceable in the 3D space controlled by the measurement software. Another method of measuring the complex contours of knee prostheses is to use the Renishaw SP25 contact scanning probe. The PCB factory learned that, similar to the laser, the operator determines the start and end points of the scan. The difference is that when the system moves on the surface of the workpiece and acquires data points, the probe must always contact the surface of the prosthesis. Unlike the trigger probe, the SP25 contact scanning probe is always in contact with the workpiece. Like lasers, data point density and scanning speed can be customized. When the multi-sensor system is equipped with SP25, it must install the matching 3D measurement software to track the data points in the three-dimensional space. There are other ways to measure the knee prosthesis fixed on the rotary indexing table. The aforementioned linear laser and contact probe scanning can scan the top surface of the prosthesis on the indexing table. Because the linear scan represents a linear cross section of the 3D workpiece, the cross section can be measured by the video sensor as an edge. Rotate the prosthesis 90 degrees, and when the light hits the workpiece from behind, the cross section becomes an obvious "edge". This technique requires a good measuring lens system with a long working distance and is less affected by the knee prosthesis slope. Because the "section" is larger than the optical window, when the system automatically tracks edges and acquires data points in multiple windows, functions such as the "edge finder" can be applied just right. The knee prosthesis is mounted on a rotary indexing table, and its entire surface can be measured. Rotate the indexer slowly, only a few angles at a time, you can complete multiple linear scans (or edge search), and generate a data lattice. These data lattices can be imported into 3D fitting software. After the rotation center is obtained, the software will show how the data of the workpiece is consistent with the CAD model of the workpiece. Some fitting software can even perform geometric size and tolerance analysis of the data lattice while meeting multiple requirements and any deviations between the illustration and the design file. This kind of analysis can not only be used in the acceptance stage of each workpiece, the manufacturing engineer can also improve the accuracy and efficiency of subsequent workpiece production during the production process. Medical device manufacturers need to record and control the production process at any time. This process also includes the use of testing equipment to control and monitor product quality. The circuit board factory found that the multi-sensor measurement system can quickly and accurately detect the important dimensions of medical equipment, and minimize the number of workpiece loading and unloading. It is the name of the game to ensure that the produced artifacts meet the design specifications. The final result will affect the health of the medical device manufacturer's balance sheet - and ultimately the patient's health.

Today, there are more than 2.25 million people in the world's epidemic, and more than 80,000 people were added yesterday, with more than 150,000 deaths. Recently, the International Monetary Fund (imf) and the World Bank held an online spring meeting. Discuss how to deal with the global economic trend under the epidemic. It is expected that the global economy will shrink by 3% this year, which is the worst economic recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. Analysts believe that due to the impact of the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, the global economy has entered a recession has become a consensus. But how deep the recession is, how long it lasts, and when it can recover, because of the uncertainty of the epidemic itself, there is no final answer. "Great Depression" recession? The epidemic is changing the format of the spring annual meeting of imf and the World Bank, and is also reshaping the topic of this spring meeting. At present, where will this epidemic that has infected more than 2.25 million people worldwide and caused the death of more than 150,000 people take the global economy? The world wants to hear the "authority" of the world's two major financial institutions. On April 9th, imf president Georgieva gave a pessimistic prediction during the opening speech for imf and the World Bank remote spring meeting. She said that due to the new crown epidemic, the global economy will fall sharply into negative growth in 2020. Among imf180 member countries, 170 countries' per capita income will fall. imf released the latest "World Economic Outlook Report" on the 14th. It is expected that the global economy will shrink by 3% this year, which is the worst economic recession since the Great Depression in the 1930s. In January this year, when the outbreak had not yet occurred, imf predicted that with the easing of Sino-US trade tensions, the global economy would grow by 3.3% this year, and by 2021 it would grow by 3.4%. In fact, it is not the imf family that lowers growth expectations and looks down on economic prospects. The International Finance Association lowered its global economic growth forecast three times within a month. The latest forecast of global GDP will drop by 2.8% this year, which is greater than the 2.1% drop in 2009 during the global financial crisis. The United Nations Conference on Trade and Development predicts that some countries and regions will In the event of an economic recession, global foreign direct investment may reach its lowest point since the 2008 international financial crisis ... "The economic recession has begun, the only difference is how deep and painful the recession will eventually be," the New York Times wrote in an April 13 report. Like imf, some economists and officials have compared the recession caused by the epidemic with the Great Depression of the 1930s. James Brad, chairman of the US Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis, believes that it is already a high probability that the United States and other developed countries will fall into a depression like the 1930s. Lian Ping, chief economist and dean of the Institute of Zhixin Investment, believes that the world economy has fallen into recession and the outside world has no objections. Because the epidemic has caused a sharp contraction in demand, for the global economy, especially the economies of developed countries, consumption has contributed the most to gdp. If consumer demand shrinks sharply, the economy will not be able to bear, and recession is inevitable. "This recession will exceed the global financial crisis of 2008-2009, but it is difficult to say that it has reached such a deep crisis as the Great Depression." Lian Ping said that the Great Depression severely damaged the supply system and production capacity, and is now affected by the epidemic and the country's anti-epidemic As a result of policy, production activities cannot be carried out, and consumer demand is suppressed, but production capacity is still there. As long as the epidemic situation is alleviated and controlled, demand will pick up and production capacity will be released. At that time, PCB factories may improve. "The degree of this global economic recession may be unprecedented, but it is also different from the Great Depression." Zhang Jun, Dean of the School of Economics of Fudan University and Director of the China Economic Research Center, said that there was no globalization during the Great Depression, and the impact was limited to the United States. Europe and other established industrialized countries, Asia and Africa account for a negligible share of the global economy. But now is the era of globalization, the global economy is highly linked, and the "closing the city" measures are tantamount to cutting off the supply chain and shutting down production. This has a great impact on the global economy and will cause a "cliff-like recession" in the economy. However, although the impact is strong, the duration may not be very long, and it will not take more than ten years after the depression to recover. Ding Yifan, a researcher at the World Development Institute of the Development Research Center of the State Council, pointed out that the epidemic will bring the world economy into a deep recession. For the developed economies of the United States and Europe, the impact is comprehensive. First of all, it hits the service industry with the largest proportion of GDP, and then spreads to the manufacturing industry. The financial industry panic is expected to reappear. For emerging economies, they may fall into the dilemma of "no market and no funds". In terms of markets, emerging economies rely on the final consumer market of developed countries, but now consumption in developed countries has shrunk and emerging economies have lost external markets; in terms of funding, emerging economies will face capital supply problems. Originally, capital flows from developed countries to emerging economies to promote their economic growth, now there is capital outflows, and emerging economies may "bleed". According to Georgieva, president of imf, about $ 100 billion in investment has fled emerging markets-more than three times the amount of capital flight during the 2008 global financial crisis. Myths about recovery It is worth noting that although the global epidemic figures are refreshing every day, thanks to the anti-epidemic measures adopted by various countries, some positive momentum has recently emerged. Italy and Spain, the countries hardest hit by the global epidemic, are showing signs of slowing down. The US epidemic was "epicentered" and Governor of New York State Como said on the 13th that "the worst time is over." Some countries have gradually started or are planning to relax restrictive measures and carefully "walk the tightrope" between prevention and resumption. These signs seem to leave room for imagination of the economic recovery that may be ushered in after the victory of the epidemic. Unfortunately, economists have basically reached consensus on the epidemic dragging the world economy into recession, but there are still differences on the prospects for recovery. Georgieva warned that even if the epidemic is brought under control later this year, the blockade measures will be lifted, but because the income of most countries will decline, the global economy may only see a "partial recovery" next year, and the situation cannot be ruled out The possibility of deterioration. "The depth and duration of this crisis still face great uncertainty." However, some unofficial economists believe that the impact of the epidemic is more similar to a natural disaster like a hurricane than a traditional financial or economic crisis. Once people can resume work, the economy will rebound strongly. The circuit board factory will reshuffle during the outbreak.

Do you know the epidemic is "pandemic"? Today, many countries around the world have been spread by the new crown epidemic. Arizona, New Mexico, Arkansas and Washington, DC, all issued statements to declare a state of emergency. 23 states and Washington, DC have declared a state of emergency. In China, we have used our national strength to fight against the new crown epidemic. Wuhan `s new epidemic has dropped to single digits for the first time. With the resumption of work in various places, the problem of difficulty in employment has yet to be resolved step by step. Affected by the epidemic, Shenzhen Chuangying Circuit Board Technology Co., Ltd. is also facing the situation of insufficient return of employees and insufficient supply of circuit board raw materials while resuming production. In order to win this battle without smoke, Guangdong's technicians and industry have become more closely connected. This knowledge-based, skilled, and innovative talent army not only guarantees the orderly operation of the epidemic prevention material production chain, but also promotes all walks of life in Guangdong. Accelerating the resumption of production in various industries has contributed to the key technical force. Help to develop and assemble advanced mask production equipment In the production workshop of Jabil Electronics (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., dozens of production lines were started to speed up the completion of orders sent by customers worldwide. According to the person in charge of the enterprise, more than 10,000 production line employees have returned to work, and the reproductive rate has exceeded 90%, of which technicians account for half. The resumption rate of Lejin Display (Guangzhou) Co., Ltd., also located in Huangpu District of Guangzhou City, has reached more than 90%. "The project was put into production last year, and the yield is in the climbing stage. It is now a critical period of production." The relevant person in charge of the company said that the entire production line is basically remote and automated, so it requires a large number of skilled technicians. The resumption rate of 15,000 fixed-point monitoring enterprises in the province has exceeded 90%. Behind the roaring machine sound of the "World Factory" is the figure of Guangdong technicians working hard to resume production. "We are here to send you policies, funds, and mechanics." When visiting the above-mentioned enterprises, Yang Hongshan, deputy director of the Provincial People's and Social Affairs Department, told the person in charge of the enterprise. It is true that Guangdong technicians have become a solid foundation and backing for the resumption of the war and the recovery of the industrial economy. Guangzhou Xingshi Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd. is a key enterprise designated by the Guangzhou Municipal Government. In order to support the active transformation of the epidemic area, the original PCB production line was urgently changed to an automatic production line for the development of masks, mask pads, and child masks. In February of this year, the company's ultra-high-speed fully automated mask machine was officially off the assembly line, successfully achieving the production speed of 1,000 plane masks per minute. Its unqualified product rate is only one part per million, and it also realizes that the mask production process does not require manual intervention by workers. It has become one of the most advanced equipments produced in China. "Our company itself is a diaper, sanitary napkin production line equipment manufacturing enterprise, so it is not too difficult for me to install and debug the mask machine." Said Liang Jiarong, the workshop manager involved in the development, production and debugging of the mask production line. A few years ago, Liang Jiarong graduated from the Provincial Institute of Light Industry Technician in Mechatronics. Since then, he has been working at Xingshi Machinery Manufacturing Co., Ltd., and his work is very close to his work. After receiving the company's call to resume work this year, he immediately returned to the enterprise to report. "To install the mask production line, we need to start with the frame, then process the required parts, assemble the parts on the frame, and then power on for debugging." Liang Jiarong introduced that after successfully completing the installation and debugging of the production line, he also needed Track the daily production situation to ensure the normal operation of the machine. "In the past few years, no matter the income or the promotion channel, there is not much difference between technical college graduates and ordinary college graduates." This year's "special task" makes Liang Jiarong more convinced that as long as he masters the technology and works on the ground, There will be good development prospects. School-enterprise cooperation and internship to meet the needs of front-line employment After the Spring Festival this year, due to the impact of the epidemic, a large number of migrant workers in the province were blocked in traffic. Many enterprises with large labor demand, especially manufacturing companies, faced the dilemma of having no work available, so the process of resuming production was slowed down. This will not only slow down the normal business development of the enterprise, the key enterprises are unable to resume production, but also may affect the normal operation of the entire industrial chain. Guangdong has the country `s largest technical education system, with more than 500,000 students enrolled in 156 technical colleges. The proportion and scale of high-skilled personnel training are still increasing year by year. The huge talent pool behind Guangdong's industrial economy provides an efficient solution for the close school-enterprise cooperation between technical colleges and enterprises. Guangzhou Jinlangxing Nonwovens Co., Ltd. had a labor gap after the festival. In order to ensure the supply of medical protective clothing for medical staff, the Provincial Department of Human Resources and Social Sciences immediately mobilized the province `s technical colleges and universities, and selected the first batch of 40 students from the first batch of 286 registered student volunteers. To support enterprises, they embarked on the production line on the second day of the Chinese New Year. Yan Zigang, Dean of the Provincial Institute of Transportation Technicians, said: "The epidemic prevention materials are in short supply. Enterprises need to employ labor. Our technical school trains skilled workers. At this time, we must stand up. While ensuring good health, we ensure that the production quality passes." "This year, 34 classmates of Yunfu Technician College are doing internships, which has greatly helped us to resume production." Ms. Zhu, the relevant person in charge of Gaoqiu Liuhe (Yunfu) Industry Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as "Gaoqiu Liuhe") told reporters that the company About 28% of the employees came from outside the province. Affected by the epidemic, many employees could not return to work in time after the Spring Festival, and there was a large employment gap. Gaoqiu Liuhe has been cooperating with Yunfu Technician College for a period of time. The company has set up a title class in the school. In the past year, it will recruit interns from the school. Interns usually go to the post to practice after the Spring Festival. "This year, the demand for employment is large, so the number of recruits is relatively large." Miss Zhu introduced. Chen Guanwen of the advanced class of mold manufacturing is one of them. Because the family is in Yunfu, after receiving the notice from the school and the enterprise, Chen Guanwen quickly reported to the enterprise and was responsible for the casting and processing of automobile brake discs in the casting dissolution department. Because the link in charge is at the front end of the assembly line, Chen Guanwen has to arrive one day earlier than his colleagues in other departments. He goes to work at 8 a.m. every day and gets off at 5 p.m., and sometimes works overtime until 8 p.m., Chen Guanwen said that he and his master need to dissolve raw materials into 6 furnaces of about 36 tons of hot metal every day, pour them into molds to make semi-finished products, and then send them to other departments Perform reprocessing. "When I first arrived in the enterprise, I adapted for a while, but I had a teacher and I also learned theory and operation in the school, so I can basically complete some tasks independently." Chen Guanwen said. Miss Zhu said that not only during the epidemic, but also in peacetime, technical college students like Chen Guanwen who have both theoretical knowledge and proficiency in operation are also very popular with enterprises. "Their learning ability is stronger, and they can produce greater benefits after entering the enterprise, which has a good role in promoting the company's future development and organizational structure cultivation. In addition, the company sends employees to the school every two weeks to teach and teach the front-line work. Theory and skills, students can get started soon after they arrive. "

The new coronavirus epidemic has prevented many domestic companies from resuming work until now, and Shenzhen Circuit Board Factory has only recently resumed production. The epidemic continues to spread throughout the world. Currently, there are confirmed cases on all six continents except Antarctica. The WHO's daily epidemic report shows that as of 10:00 a.m. Central European time (17:00 a.m. Beijing time), 109 countries and regions outside China have been affected by the epidemic, and confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia increased by 4105 compared with the previous day. The total number of cases reached 32,778, and the number of deaths increased by 186 compared with the previous day, with a total of 872 cases. Italy's New Coronary Pneumonia diagnosed with more than 10,000 deaths and 631 deaths The latest data on the 10th showed that Italy had 977 new cases of new pneumonia in a single day, and the cumulative number of confirmed cases increased to 10149. There were 168 new deaths and a total of 631 deaths. Italian Prime Minister Conte delivered a televised speech on the evening of the 9th, saying that in order to avoid the spread of the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, the closure of the city will be implemented nationwide from the 10th. Except for the three special reasons of provable work, health and emergency needs, people across the country shall not leave the area without authorization. While strengthening anti-epidemic measures, Italy is also actively seeking foreign aid. According to the news on the evening of the 10th website of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, State Councilor and Foreign Minister Wang Yi had a telephone conversation with Italian Foreign Minister Di Maio. Di Maio said that the current Italian epidemic situation is very serious, and the Italian government is closely following and learning from China's successful experience in the fight against the epidemic, and has taken effective measures to stop the spread of the epidemic. The Italian side is facing difficulties in shortage of medical supplies and equipment, and hopes that China will help resolve the urgent need. Wang Yi said that although China still has a large demand for medical supplies, we will overcome the difficulties, provide masks and other medical supplies to the Italian side, and increase efforts to export the urgently needed materials and equipment to Italy. If the Italian side needs it, China is also willing to send a medical team to Italy to assist in the fight against the epidemic. A total of 696 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia were diagnosed in the United States and a total of 25 deaths According to the latest news from Reuters, the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention reported on the 10th local time that there were 696 confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia diagnosed in the United States, an increase of 224 from the previous count, 6 new deaths, and a total of 25 deaths. The notice shows that 36 cases have been diagnosed in the United States and Washington, DC. Washington Governor Jay Inslee said at a conference on Tuesday that if no immediate action is taken, as many as 64,000 people in Washington State may be infected with new coronary pneumonia in two months. Insley said that although there are currently 162 confirmed cases, experts believe that the actual number may be 1,000 or more. Washington State, the state with the worst new pneumonia outbreak in the United States, has at least 23 deaths, 19 of which are related to Kirkland's nursing home. British Health Minister Doris diagnosed with New Coronary Pneumonia and attended the reception with the Prime Minister According to the British "Times" report, the British Health Minister Nadine dorries (nadine dorries) has been diagnosed with new coronary pneumonia. It is understood that she has met with hundreds of people in Parliament in the past week and attended the reception with British Prime Minister Johnson at 10 Downing Street. The report pointed out that Dorris had symptoms last Friday (6th) and was diagnosed on the evening of the 10th local time. French confirmed cases increase to 1,784 cases According to the latest French official announcement on the evening of the 10th local time, 372 new cases of new coronary pneumonia were diagnosed in France, with a total of 1784 cases diagnosed, 3 new deaths, and a total of 33 deaths. In order to prevent aggregation infections, the French Ministry of Health announced on the 8th that it is forbidden to hold gatherings of more than 1,000 people in China. The UEFA Champions League football match between Paris Saint-Germain and Dortmund will be held in Paris on the 11th, and the rugby match between France and Ireland scheduled to be held on the 14th was forced to be postponed. Regarding the continuously increasing epidemic situation, Jerome Salomon, head of the French Ministry of Health, said recently that the French epidemic may enter a more serious stage. A total of 1296 cases have been diagnosed in Germany. Parliament will raise 1 billion euros to respond to the outbreak As of 15:00 local time on the 10th, Germany has cumulatively diagnosed 1296 cases of new coronary pneumonia. In addition, Germany reported two cases of new coronary pneumonia deaths on the 9th. This is the first death case reported since the outbreak in Germany. At present, all 16 German states have confirmed cases. In response to the current German epidemic prevention and control situation, the German Federal Minister of Health Jens Span called for the suspension of all activities with more than 1,000 participants, and hoped that the public would Make wise judgments such as birthday parties or club activities. The German ruling coalition party (composed of CDU and CSU) said that parliament will raise 1 billion euros to fight the new crown pneumonia epidemic. The total number of confirmed diagnoses in Spain rises to 1,646 cases As of the 10th local time, there were 415 newly diagnosed cases in Spain, a total of 1646 confirmed cases, 5 new death cases, and a total of 35 deaths. Spanish Minister of Health Salvador Ilya said at the press conference that Spain will suspend direct flights from Italy to all airports in Spain from 0:00 on March 25; La Liga football games and other sports games will be empty. ; Stop the activities of more than 1,000 people in all enclosed spaces in three areas including Madrid, where the epidemic is most severe. In addition, the Minister of Health said on the 9th that the number of new cases of pneumonia in Madrid and surrounding areas has increased dramatically. All local schools, from kindergartens to universities, will be suspended from the 11th for two weeks. Iran's cumulative diagnosis exceeds 8,000 Khamenei cancels Persian New Year speech The Iranian Ministry of Health reported on the 10th that in the past day, there were 881 new cases of new pneumonia diagnosed in Iran, and a total of 8042 cases were diagnosed. There were 54 new deaths, and a total of 291 deaths. Iran `s Supreme Leader Khamenei `s office issued a statement on the 9th, saying that Khamenei canceled the New Year `s speech originally scheduled for March 20 on the first day of the New Year in Nowruz, Iran. The Iranian Minister of Justice said that because of the epidemic this year, about 70,000 prisoners have been temporarily released in advance to reunite. An Iranian Ministry of Health spokesman said on the 9th that there was a mass alcohol poisoning incident in Iran `s Khuzestan Province. Hundreds of people were drinking alcohol by mistake to prevent new coronary pneumonia, resulting in 256 alcohol poisoning and 20 deaths. South Korea drops to more than 100 cases in a single day, the government calls for remote office According to the latest report from the Korean Ministry of Health, from 9:00 on the 9th to 10:00 on the 10th, South Korea added 131 confirmed cases, with a total of 7513 confirmed diagnoses and a total of 58 deaths. This is the first time in two weeks that the number of newly diagnosed cases in South Korea has slipped to more than 100 cases. At present, the cumulative confirmed cases of Daegu and Gyeongsangbuk-do are 6,780, accounting for 90.2% of the total. Statistics show that 80.2% of the confirmed cases in South Korea belong to collective infections, with Xintiandi Daegu church cases accounting for the largest proportion. On the 10th, Quan Duyu, a copy minister of the Central Ministry of Epidemic Prevention, said that in order to prevent cluster epidemics, various agencies and enterprises should increase the "social distance", actively implement remote office work, and allow employees to work from home. The National Institutes of Health Research, a subsidiary of the Korea Department of Disease Management, said on the 10th that it has recently successfully synthesized proteins used to recognize new coronavirus antibodies. The institute said that using this protein, neutralizing antibody-producing cells can be extracted from the blood of patients in recovery, which helps to form antibodies and is an indispensable part of the development of new coronavirus drug treatments. Accumulated 581 cases diagnosed in Japan According to data reported by local self-governing bodies and the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare around Japan, as of 11 p.m. local time on the 10th, 59 people were newly infected with new coronary pneumonia on the day of the 10th. There were 567 people with new coronary pneumonia in Japan, plus charter flights to return to the country Of the 14 confirmed cases, there were a total of 581 people infected with new pneumonia in Japan, and a total of 12 deaths. The Japanese cabinet meeting passed a bill on the morning of the 10th, which will allow the prime minister to declare Japan a state of emergency if necessary. The bill was submitted to Congress on the same day for consideration. Since the ruling party, the Liberal Democratic Party and the largest opposition party, the Constitutional Democratic Party, have agreed on this earlier, the bill is expected to be approved on the 13th. 849 confirmed cases in the United States, Trump will discuss with Congress to reduce payroll tax According to CNN reports, based on the data from the US state health departments, local governments and the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, the total number of diagnoses in the United States has reached 849, and real-time data from Johns Hopkins University shows that the cumulative number of deaths has reached 28. In 36 states of the United States and Washington, D.C., there have been confirmed cases of new coronary pneumonia. Affected by the plunge in oil prices and the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, following the collapse of the three major US stock indexes on the 9th to trigger the fuse mechanism, on the 10th, the price of the 10-year US Treasury futures fell , Also triggered the fuse mechanism, the rate of return is now reported at 0.691%. Trump said at a briefing on the 9th that he would discuss with Congress the possibility of reducing payroll taxes and ensure that hourly workers receive assistance. On the other hand, Democratic presidential candidates Sanders and Biden canceled the campaign campaign on the evening of the 10th local time due to the epidemic. A total of 20 cases have been diagnosed in Russia. It is recommended that people avoid public places during peak periods As of March 10, there have been a total of 20 confirmed cases of new pneumonia in Russia, and there are no deaths. 3 cases were cured and discharged. Among the confirmed cases, 2 were Chinese citizens, 1 was an Italian citizen, and the remaining 17 were Russian citizens with a history of Italian travel. In order to prevent the spread of new coronary pneumonia, the Russian government has taken many measures: temporarily prohibit the export of medical masks, goggles and other epidemic prevention materials from Russia; strengthen the enterprise's disinfection measures, the enterprise should reserve sufficient disinfectants, antibacterial wipes, medical masks and disinfectants ; Remind the public to clean indoor hygiene frequently, disinfect with ultraviolet light and clean the air conditioning and ventilation system. RIA Novosti quoted the Russian Consumers Union on the 10th as saying that affected by the new coronary pneumonia epidemic, it is recommended that the public avoid the peak public places, including transportation and shopping centers. Confirmed cases in other countries In addition to Italy, among European countries, 373 cases were diagnosed in the UK; 476 cases were diagnosed in Switzerland; 382 cases were diagnosed in the Netherlands; 267 cases were diagnosed in Belgium; 354 cases were diagnosed in Sweden; and 277 cases were confirmed in Norway. In Asia, except for countries with severe epidemics such as Japan and South Korea, 166 cases were diagnosed in Singapore; 53 cases were diagnosed in Thailand; 129 cases were diagnosed in Malaysia; 69 cases were diagnosed in Kuwait; 110 cases were diagnosed in Bahrain; 32 cases were diagnosed in Vietnam; 61 cases were diagnosed in India; 61 cases were diagnosed in Iraq; Cases; 74 cases diagnosed in the UAE; 50 cases diagnosed in Israel; 18 cases diagnosed in Oman. In Oceania, 101 cases were diagnosed in Australia; 5 cases were diagnosed in New Zealand. 85 cases were diagnosed in Canada in North America.

The key frequency band for 5G applications is millimeter wave, but continuous large bandwidth below 6GHz is required to meet 5G system requirements (eMBB, mMTC, URLLC). Such frequency bands are no longer available, and millimeter wave refers to a wavelength of 1 ~ 10mm and a frequency of 30 ~ 300GHz electromagnetic wave, millimeter wave band can build up to 800MHz ultra-wide bandwidth communication system, communication rate up to 10Gbit / s, Europe, Japan and other countries have completed 5G spectrum allocation and auction. The editor of the circuit board learned that 3GPP published the technical report of the millimeter wave channel model in early 2016, which clarified the feasibility of the millimeter wave band as a 5G outdoor communication band. At present, the United States, South Korea, Japan and other countries have successively completed the division and auction of 5G high-frequency spectrum. China has currently disclosed the experimental frequency bands (24.75 ~ 27.5GHz and 37 ~ 42.5GHz), but the specific plan of the millimeter wave spectrum has not yet been officially released. . China's millimeter wave has basically completed the verification of key technologies, and is expected to be commercialized by 2020. The circuit board factory was informed that the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of China approved in 2017 the 24.75 ~ 27.5 GHz and 37 ~ 42.5 GHz frequency bands for use in China's 5G technology R & D millimeter wave experimental frequency bands. Three phases of work have been carried out. Operators and equipment manufacturers have accelerated the millimeter wave verification. Specifically, China Unicom completed the multi-vendor 5G millimeter wave base station functional verification in April 19th, and China Mobile also completed 5G in July of the same year. The verification of millimeter-wave key technologies is advancing the verification of system performance and standard solutions. 5G millimeter-wave commercial deployment is planned for 2022. As of the end of October, Huawei, ZTE, and Nokia Bell three system manufacturers have all completed the 2019 millimeter-wave key technology tests. The main functions, design, and field performance testing work are expected to be quickly commercialized after the specific millimeter-wave spectrum plan is released. AiP is currently the main solution for smart phone millimeter wave antennas: shortening path loss, high cost performance, and meeting miniaturization requirements. The main considerations / influencing factors for the design of 5G millimeter wave antennas are: middle frame design / materials, high overall screen ratio, transmission path loss between RFIC and millimeter wave antenna arrays, millimeter wave antenna array materials, etc. Antenna solutions include: AoB, AiP, AiM, AoC, AiP and other solutions. Taking comprehensive consideration of cost, yield, loss, miniaturization and other factors into consideration, the current major solution for millimeter-wave antennas is AiP, which has been used in Samsung Galaxy S10 5G mobile phones released for mass production. AiP = RF IC + Antenna: AiP is a technology based on packaging materials and processes that integrates antennas and chips in a package to achieve system-level wireless functions. It is based on SiP (system in package) and uses IC carrier boards to perform multiple functions. Chip SiP system-level packaging. The AiP process mainly includes LTCC (low temperature co-sintered ceramic), HDI (high-density interconnection) and FOWLP (wafer-level fan-out packaging). In addition to using advanced packaging technologies (such as flip chip, TSV, system-level packaging, etc.), AiP also needs to use LCP materials in the internal layer as FPC boards to reduce signal interference, reduce path loss, and improve signal transmission capabilities. . Advantages: 1) Reduced path loss: AiP is a technology that integrates the antenna and chip in a package to achieve system-level wireless functions, which shortens the distance between the chip and the millimeter wave antenna array and reduces transmission path loss. 2) Cost advantages, mature process, and miniaturization trend: Although the AoC technology solution can greatly reduce the size of the antenna, it needs to be unified in semiconductor materials and processes, and combined with other components in a single chip, manufacturing costs High, more suitable for applications in the terahertz band. Compared with the AoC solution, in the frequency band between 1-10mm of 5G millimeter wave, the size of the on-chip antenna can be smaller than the general chip package. AiP integrates the antenna into the chip, which can simplify the system design, which is conducive to miniaturization and low cost. cost. Specific AiP module solutions: Two millimeter-wave antenna modules, QTM052 and QTM525, are currently introduced with AiP antenna packaging technology to reduce the thickness of mobile phones and PCB area, and replace the traditional decentralized design of antennas and RF modules. The millimeter wave antenna module integrates: a radio frequency transceiver, a radio frequency front end, a radio frequency back end, a power management chip and a phased antenna array. We judge that a single machine needs 2-4 AiP modules to ensure the transmission and reception of the millimeter wave frequency band and avoid the "antenna gate" event. Due to its high integration and scarce supply, the current unit price of AiP is high at $ 14-16. According to design suggestions: AiP is best placed on the upper and lower left and right side edges of the phone (to avoid interference with internal components). At the same time, in order to avoid metal shields, AiP needs to be demetallized. The industry chain tracked that the new frame of Apple's new machine is expected to add metal removal processes such as digging, punching holes, injection molding, covering sapphire, and glass. It is expected that AiP will be configured for demetalization. It is determined that Apple will launch 5G mobile phones (millimeter wave, Sub-6G). Look specifically at the millimeter wave antenna solution: 1) If millimeter wave antennas are not sold separately, Apple millimeter wave antennas are expected to purchase 1-2 millimeter wave AiP complete modules; 2) If millimeter wave chips can be purchased separately, it is expected that one of the AiP modules will use the millimeter wave chip + LCP transmission line / antenna solution, which is expected to make good use of PCB suppliers.

Many users of electric vehicles have the same question as friends who focus on electric vehicles: Does electric vehicle have radiation? The answer is: yes! In fact, electromagnetic radiation is ubiquitous in our lives. The earth itself is a large magnetic field. The interaction between electric and magnetic fields generates electromagnetic waves. The process of electromagnetic wave energy traveling in the air is called electromagnetic wave radiation. The editor of the new energy automobile battery pack circuit board wants to say that the human body can absorb and dissolve electromagnetic wave radiation within a certain range, so not all electromagnetic wave radiation is harmful to the human body. As an industrial product, cars are subjected to various rigorous tests when they are manufactured. Whether it is an ordinary fuel car, a hybrid car, or a pure electric car, the intensity of electromagnetic radiation on the human body must be tested. Electric vehicles use electric energy to drive the car, and the electric energy is stored in the battery, so there will be some radiation. This is inevitable, as long as it is controlled within a safe range, it is safe. The circuit board factory found that in the popularization of electric vehicles, consumers actually misunderstood their safety. The radiation value of electric vehicles is very small, less than one tenth of most home appliances and electronic products, and far below the national standard of 100T. As a component, the power battery strictly controls the electromagnetic radiation of the battery system. At the vehicle level, automakers will also check at various levels to reduce radiation intensity to a minimum level to ensure human safety. Therefore, when users use new energy vehicles, they can safely use electromagnetic radiation and enjoy environmentally friendly, quiet and comfortable lives. The PCB factory has learned that at present, domestic electric vehicles must strictly comply with national standards for production, and must pass strict quality inspections. Electromagnetic radiation also needs to be inspected to pass, so consumers can use them safely.

The reason why we use mobile phones to set a key to prevent prying eyes is to better protect our privacy, but also to prevent hackers and cyber criminals from stealing our data and anything else that can be stolen. One of their biggest goals is your money and credit card. So, what's the best way to secure our phones? Is it biometrics like fingerprints or face scans? Or a traditional PIN or password? The PCB factory believes that most people are not very good at creating passwords that are difficult to crack, so your password may not even effectively protect the device or account. Whichever method you choose, I will show you the best way to keep your phone and everything in it safe. Let's start with facial recognition. Facial recognition technology entered smartphones with the Galaxy Note 7 in 2016. Apple introduced Face ID in the iPhone X the following year. This function is mainly for convenience. The software scans your functions to identify and verify your identity. At first glance, your device is unlocked-no fuss PIN or password required. Apple's Face ID not only unlocks the phone, it can do more. Now, at least some people think that there is little chance that someone can unlock iPhone with Face ID. The company says that a random person using a facial recognition system can unlock your phone or iPad by one in a million sex. If you have an identical twin, a sibling or other relative who looks like you, the odds are greatly increased. For Google and its Pixel 4, the situation is not so smooth. The board found that last month, early adopters discovered a vulnerability that could easily unlock it for anyone with physical access to a phone. In other cases, using face recognition to protect your phone is also tricky: someone shows you the phone to force you to unlock the device. Allegedly, photos, masks and even baseball caps can make facial recognition software fool. Like Face ID, fingerprint authentication is a quick and easy way to unlock your phone. Just pick it up and place your finger on the sensor. Here are some reasons why you might want to use your fingerprint to lock your device: No two fingers have the same characteristics, so the chance of a false positive is small. Soon the scanner took a few moments to recognize or reject the fingerprint. Unlike a password, you will not lose or share your fingerprint. Fingerprints are stored as encrypted mathematical representations, not images. This step makes it difficult for them to be hacked. Finger authentication has many advantages, but it is not foolproof, especially for users who have physical access to you and your phone. There are stories that children are using the fingerprints of their sleeping parents to unlock the device. For example, in 2016, a 6-year-old was shopping heavily. Depending on the fingerprint scanner, they may be picky. Some reports indicate that fingerprints left on items such as cups can be used to trick fingerprint scanners. Mobile security experts have even warned that copying fingerprints may only require a camera and printer. Despite technological advances, verified methods such as PINs, passwords, and passwords are still the most commonly used methods for protecting smartphones. Many users find these security situations very convenient because they can use similar PINs or passwords on many sites, accounts, and devices. Circuit board found that smartphone users also tend to create PINs or passwords that are easy to remember, such as birthdays, addresses, usernames, or other special dates. What makes this authentication convenient is that it is the most vulnerable to hackers. Cybercriminals know that people use basic words or phrases to create passwords, and they use the same passwords on the Internet. Although each method of securing mobile phones has its own weaknesses, statistics show that about a quarter of mobile device users do not use any security technology at all. So if you take any of these steps, you're already one step ahead of those who haven't taken any precautions. However, for best protection, don't rely on just one method. Use a combination of biometrics and a PIN, password or passcode to provide additional security in case something goes wrong or gets compromised. When creating a password or PIN for two-factor authentication or just to lock your phone, it is important to follow these guidelines: Do not create a password or PIN with the same letters or numbers. Use letters, numbers, and special characters whenever possible. If possible, make the password longer than four digits. The longer the better. Do not use information that is easy to guess, such as your birthday, name or address. If you are concerned about remembering longer or more complex passwords and PINs, it may help to store them in a password manager. Although using multiple forms of security requires more effort than relying on just one technology, it does protect against their respective weaknesses. This ensures that your device and data are protected.

Now 5G projects should belong to the hottest topic in the world, but everyone is more about how 5G is better than 4G and how it can access online content faster and with less delay in people's lives, including how to support high Technological advances, such as enhanced networking devices and more sensitive virtual reality experiences, are being discussed. However, the board editors learned that some people were not excited and they said they did not want to make the necessary upgrades. Health issues make residents hesitant One concern that is often mentioned is that 5G technology may cause health problems. More specifically, because 5G is a new technology, researchers are not sure whether radiation from the network will harm people. In the San Francisco Bay Area, residents don't want to wait to find out. That's why members of the city council in Mill Valley, north of San Francisco, voted unanimously last year to ban 5G towers in residential areas. The PCB factory was informed that this was a decision made by local lawmakers after strong opposition from Mill Valley residents. They reportedly received 145 letters criticizing 5G, and only five came from supporters. Since the vote of the City Council was an emergency decree, the new rules came into effect immediately. They will not affect the promotion of 5G equipment in commercial areas, but some people in the industry have said that local legislation like this will make the promotion of 5G nationwide more challenging. Some critics have fueled public concern that radiation may pose a cancer threat. However, most people don't think 5G is harmful to health. But even so, some residents remain hesitant and use local legislation to advance this position. The uncertainty of 5G is not limited to the United States. Activists in Brussels, Belgium, successfully prevented the deployment of 5G towers. Opponents say they are not opposed to the technology but want to ensure that 5G towers do not cause cancer. Unless scientifically proven, they think it's dangerous. Launch tower affects aesthetics In addition, people don't like that 5G networks require more towers than older systems. They asserted that the tower would make the beauty of cities and communities disappear. Some people are also frustrated because they have no say in the location of the launch tower. For example, Denver reportedly has more than 120 launch towers. There, the owner of a barber shop complained that a launch tower was installed directly in front of her shop, and the launch tower was very large, blocking the sight of people passing by nearby, affecting her business, and she did Received any notifications. (Source IoT Home Network) The public works department in the area insisted that they had notified people about the installation of the launch tower. However, although people's protests can affect some aspects of the tower, such as size or height, it cannot affect the number of towers in the city. Some residents and businesses have begun protesting by posting signs on windows. So far, the operation has not prevented the installation of the launch tower. However, this shows that telecommunications companies and local authorities need to focus on people's responses. People in Cincinnati are also upset. Some people have raised health issues, while others have said that even if people are not worried about 5G posing a health hazard, these towers are close enough to the residents that the property value is undermined. A resident said she heard that every three to ten households would install a launch tower. Others are opposed to the disappearing beauty because they see no value in the new network. They point out that 4G networks have not caused them any inconvenience, and they would rather keep it. Some cities feel the effects of federal bullying Another issue that has sparked 5G protests is that some local leaders believe that the Federal Communications Commission (FCC) is forcing them to accept 5G. In 2018, the Federal Communications Commission significantly weakened the right of local governments to determine where to install 5G towers. However, in September 2019, a court ruling concluded that the US Federal Communications Commission had erroneously attempted to bypass environmental and historical site protection reviews when deploying 5G towers. Environmentalists and Native American tribes see the ruling as a victory. Although the Federal Communications Commission's control of municipalities still exists, it has limited influence in some cities. The circuit board found that in Chico, California, the city council voted to postpone an emergency decree that would allow the city to choose where to install 5G small base stations. It will revisit the matter in December of this year. If the decree passes, small base station equipment must be at least 4 meters from the sidewalk and installed on street lights to make it less visible. Postponed but not prohibited In most places opposed to 5G networks, residents and lawmakers have only made progress in delaying (but not prohibiting) deployment. Perhaps only time will tell how successful the opposing cities will be in preventing the arrival of 5G permanently.

In the automotive market, new energy vehicles have become a rookie, and each car company has launched its own new energy vehicles. It is enough to see that new energy vehicles are the general trend and will surely enter millions of households, but every development process is always full of Uncertainty, there are always new problems waiting to be resolved. Whether the new energy subsidy policy is reasonable, how can new energy smoothly enter the market, and how can new energy safety accidents be avoided ... In the process of exploration, new energy vehicles have received a series of questions from the market. Now, circuit board editors have learned that with the gradual fading of new energy subsidies, the influx of foreign-funded enterprises, and the marketization of new-vehicle companies, the market has thrown a new problem on new-energy vehicle companies-relying on Can selling new energy vehicles make money? Profitable Ice and Fire As to whether the development of new energy vehicles can achieve profitability, new energy vehicle companies in the torrent of the times are writing their own answers with personal experience. In October of this year, Dyson suddenly announced the termination of the car-building plan, giving the reason that "the project is not commercially viable." Before announcing this decision, Dyson has been involved in the car manufacturing industry for four years and has continuously invested 18 billion yuan. Its first electric car was originally expected to be launched in 2021. Dyson believes that building a car is not difficult, and it is difficult to find a suitable profit model. Some analysts pointed out that "Dyson's electric vehicles are expensive according to their cost estimates, so it is difficult to find suitable and sufficient consumer groups." Coincidentally, Wei Lai, who is still "struggling" on the car, encountered The same problem as Dyson-weak profitability. Weilai Li Bin announced personally that as of June this year, Weilai had lost about 22 billion yuan. Affected by this, Weilai's stock price fell below 2 US dollars, and its subsidiaries are now included in the operating abnormal directory. A few years ago, Li Bin, who just got involved in the automotive industry, roughly estimated 20 billion yuan to build a car. However, in the past few years, Weilai, who has burned 22 billion yuan, is still dying of the user experience and still cannot find a "can The road to sustainable development. " From the perspective of the business model of car sales profit only, Weilai seems to have fallen into a profitable dead end. From the batch delivery so far, Weilai has delivered a total of 26215 vehicles. If it is calculated at a loss of 22 billion, it is equivalent to a loss of 839,200 for every car sold by Weilai. Of course, the circuit board factory feels that this "bicycle loss" figure does not have reference significance, but it can also reflect the current dilemma of Weilai from one side. Automobile is an industry with high requirements for scale. At the moment Weilai's sales have not reached a certain scale, there is still a long way to go to achieve profitability. And the problem of profit is not only for new car manufacturing companies. Under the recent subsidy subsidence, traditional car companies have faced increasingly declining revenue figures. The latest third-quarter financial report shows that the first-tier enterprises of autonomous new energy, including BAIC New Energy, BYD, and SAIC Group, have all lowered their profitability due to subsidies. The JAC, which is more dependent on subsidies, is even more worried about its current status. The third quarter financial report released by BAIC Blue Valley showed that the net profit attributable to shareholders of listed companies of BAIC New Energy changed from profit to loss, and the net loss in the third quarter was 367 million yuan. In addition, due to the large decline in the subsidy of new energy subsidies, BAIC Blue Valley predicts that [annual net profits may cause losses"; similarly affected by the subsidy decline, BYD `s net profit attributable to shareholders of listed companies in the third quarter of 120 million yuan, a year-on-year decrease of 88.58%. BAIC New Energy and BYD are active practitioners in the early exploration of China's new energy development. However, as subsidies receded, both companies were not directly affected by subsidies' decline in either sales or profits. This also directly shows that in the market-oriented operation, even traditional car companies are difficult to achieve corporate profits through car sales, and they must find new business models for the survival of the new energy market. However, in the cruel market competition, there are relative winners. From the perspective of profitability, the profit of domestically produced Tesla among new energy vehicle companies is expected. Tesla's third quarter financial report showed that its net profit attributable to ordinary shareholders was $ 143 million, a 54% decrease compared to the same period last year. This is Tesla's fifth profit since its establishment. As soon as the news came out, Tesla's stock price rose sharply. At present, Tesla has achieved domestic production in Shanghai, laying a solid foundation for Tesla to further profit in the future. According to Morgan Stanley analysts, given the labor cost of the Shanghai project is only one-tenth of Tesla's California plant and other cost-cutting measures, Tesla's China car sales margin can reach 30% Around the same margin as the luxury brand Porsche. In addition to Tesla, Mercedes-Benz, which has just launched its first electric product in China, EQC, has also shown sufficient confidence in the profitability of electric vehicles. Duan Jianjun, chief operating officer of sales and marketing of Beijing Mercedes-Benz Sales & Service Co., Ltd., said in an interview: "It is still profitable to sell electric vehicles, and we are also confident that we can make electric vehicles well and satisfy our customers." Mercedes-Benz's confidence in selling electric vehicles comes from its market channels and brand premium capabilities accumulated by its century-old brand. The PCB factory believes that the advantages of mature car companies in attacking electrification are that their mature channels, brand recognition and bicycle bargaining space have all become bonus points for their profits, so they are full of confidence in the profitability of car sales. Daimler's financial report for the third quarter shows that Daimler's net profit attributable to shareholders of Daimler Group was 1.719 billion euros, and the corresponding third-quarter car sales increased by 6% year-on-year to 839,326 units, which means that every time Daimler sells Out of a car, an average of 15820 yuan can be obtained. This level of profitability has brought confidence to Daimler's current business model of relying on new energy bicycles for profit. The "original sin" of new energy vehicle companies From a macro perspective, there are still few car companies such as Tesla and Daimler who are confident in the profitability of electric vehicles. Most car companies are struggling with the loss caused by subsidy declines. Tesla and Daimler both follow the high-end electrification route. After a fierce nightmare of fifteen years of technological breakthroughs and successive years of losses, they have now finally achieved their success; a century-old luxury brand endorsement and profit Support, profitability is naturally not difficult for them. However, most of the new energy vehicle companies in the Chinese automotive market are products supported by new energy subsidies. They rely on subsidies for their natural development, and will naturally lose their "motive force" because of subsidies' decline. After the official implementation of the new subsidy policy this year, the new energy market has experienced a decline for four consecutive months. In addition to the natural choices made by the consumer market, car companies' intention to control sales is also one of the reasons. After subsidies subsided, the prices of autonomous new energy vehicles that had no brand premium capability rose, and car companies could only maintain their "original prices" at their own expense. If only as an emergency rescue strategy is acceptable, but long-term self-financing will inevitably damage the profitability of car companies. The root cause of the difficulties in profitability of new energy vehicle companies is directly related to the characteristics of new energy vehicles. As we all know, most of the current cost of new energy vehicles is above the power battery. Some data point out that batteries accounted for 48% of the cost of electric vehicles in 2016. This number cannot be verified at present, but referring to the financial statements of leading battery companies, you can also understand the nature of the huge profits of power batteries. In March 2017, Ningde Times landed on A-shares and achieved a revenue of 19.996 billion yuan and a net profit of 3.972 billion yuan that year. As of the first three quarters of this year, Ningde Times has been creating revenue records, and its net profit in the first three quarters of this year has reached 3.092 billion yuan-3.568 billion yuan. The profit level of the Ningde era is in sharp contrast to the financial reports of car companies that have lost money because of subsidy subsidence. It is for this reason that independent brands and new-vehicle companies are struggling with profitability. Where is the profitable spring So, do new energy vehicle companies rely on life for profit? Through the above analysis, there are three paths ahead of them. The first is to take the road of Tesla's technological breakthrough, the second is to take the road of luxury brand premium, and the third is to control the cost of new energy. It should be pointed out that Tesla's current profitability is based on multiple difficulties such as encountering doubts, laying factories, hell of production capacity, and risk of being shorted for more than ten consecutive years. And Tesla has the first-mover advantage, and it does have a subversive action in technological innovation. Someone in the industry had previously disassembled and estimated the cost price of Model 3 of Tesla `s model. He believes that the material and logistics cost of Model 3 is about 18,000 US dollars and the labor cost is 10,000 US dollars. The total cost was US $ 28,000, or approximately RMB 196,000. The Tesla Model 3 is priced at 355,800 yuan after domestic production. Under the condition that the labor cost of manufacturing in China is reduced, for every Model 3 sold, Tesla may have a profit of about 200,000. This provided ample imagination for Tesla's subsequent profit. For luxury brands such as Daimler and Audi, strong group support has allowed them to develop electric vehicles. The considerable brand premium has also given luxury brands confidence in making a decision. They can also make money by selling electric vehicles. The path left to independent brands and new car companies seems to be the only way to control costs. This is the common voice of almost all new energy companies now. Under the influence of various factors in the market, the selling price of power battery companies represented by the Ningde era has declined, which is directly reflected in the financial report. Looking closely, although the net profit of the first three quarters of Ningde Times still rose, the gross profit margin in the third quarter decreased year-on-year. Data show that Ningde Times achieved a net profit of 1.174-14.468 billion yuan in the third quarter, a decrease of 0% -20% year-on-year, and a non-net profit of 10.3--12.88 billion yuan, a decrease of 0% -20% year-on-year. Regarding the decline in the gross profit margin and the increase in expenses in the third quarter of Ningde Times, the Xinye Securities Electric team said that the company's comprehensive gross profit margin of the company's products was about 29.3%, a year-on-year decline of 2.33%. The decline of 4% was mainly due to the decline in battery prices. Among them, the prices of ternary lithium batteries and lithium iron phosphate batteries fell by 14% and 17% year-on-year respectively. The decline in power battery prices is not only the expectations of car companies, but also a mainstream trend. It is predicted that by 2030, the cost of batteries in electric vehicles will drop to about 18%. Such battery cost will be more conducive to the market-oriented development of new energy vehicles. Major auto companies have already realized the need to master the initiative of new energy batteries. At present, the establishment of joint ventures between new energy vehicle companies and battery manufacturers such as Ningde Times, Panasonic, and LG has become mainstream. In addition, many new energy vehicle companies are also trying to explore more new energy vehicle business models. The new powerhouse companies headed by Weilai started to make a fuss about customer service, hoping to establish a new competitive advantage and profit model. However, Weilai's "unconditional" service to users needs to be maintained with a large amount of capital, which has been questioned by the outside world about its profitability. Many independent new energy companies that are restricted by subsidized subsidy policies are also looking for more complicated profit models. Zheng Zheng, general manager of Geely New Energy Sales Company, previously stated publicly that the profit model of new energy is not specifically to make money by selling cars. Under this recognition, Geometry Automotive believes that first of all, it is necessary to serve users well. After serving users well, it will bring more customers. With good service, you can make sales. In the exploration, BAIC New Energy has taken another path to promote profitable growth. In 2017, BAIC New Energy launched a power exchange model for the private market for the first time. BAIC New Energy believes that in the long run, the profit model of power swap is definite. Whether it is to start battery cost control, Weilai's customer service regardless of cost, or BAIC New Energy's vehicle-electric separation model, it will eventually need to wait for market inspection. Circuit board manufacturers believe that to achieve profitability, we must have the courage to survive.

1. Gerber data pre-processing The wiring and functional characteristics on the PCB are designed by the customer, and the PCB board factory is only responsible for manufacturing it, so it is the same as that there is often communication between most designers and manufacturers. The board factory often It is found that the design materials sent by the customer do not meet the process capability of the board factory, such as the line width, the line spacing is too small, and the aperture is too small. Communication confirmation. Then, the data required for each process of PCB production is exported from the Gerber file, such as: each layer of circuit, solder mask, silk screen layer, surface treatment, drilling and other data, which are then input to the production device equipment corresponding to the process in. 2. Circuit board negative output Under the strict temperature and humidity control environment, a laser film plotter is used to draw the film of the circuit board (Film). These films are used for the image exposure of each circuit layer in the subsequent circuit board manufacturing process. It is also used in the oil process. In order to make the X-Y relative position of each layer of the circuit correct, a laser is used to punch holes in each film for subsequent positioning of different circuit layers. This film is actually a transparent PET material printed with a black image, similar to the film used on the projectors we used in early school. 3. Circuit board inner layer forming The inner layer structure of a multilayer circuit board (more than 4 layers) usually uses a whole copper foil substrate as the material, and then each step will clean the copper foil surface by pickling to ensure that there are no other dust or impurities on it. As long as there is any foreign matter, it will affect the subsequent circuits. Then the surface of the copper foil will be roughened by mechanical grinding to enhance the adhesion between the dry film and the copper foil. Then, a dry layer will be coated on the surface of the copper foil membrane. An inner circuit film is attached to each side of the copper foil substrate and set up on the exposure machine. The positioning film and vacuum are used to precisely attach the film to the copper foil substrate. The ultraviolet light is used in the yellow light area to make the negative film. The unshielded dry film is chemically changed and cured on the copper foil substrate, and finally the unexposed dry film is removed with a developing solution. 4. Etching of inner circuit Etching-"peeling film Generally, a strong alkaline solution is used to dissolve and etch away the exposed copper surface, that is, remove the copper surface that is not covered by a dry film. When etching, pay attention to the formula and time of the potion. The thicker the copper foil, the longer The wider the time and the wider the gap is, the wider the wiring is kept, because the etching will corrode the exposed copper foil, and the copper surface at the edge of the dry film will be more or less corroded. Then, the cured dry film that was originally covered on the copper foil is removed with a film removing solution, and only the copper foil of the circuit should be left on the copper foil substrate. 5. Image positioning target hole In order to accurately align the inner and outer copper skins, CCD positioning is used to find the target position that has been preset on the negative film in advance and drill the required positioning target holes. The movement of the target hole must also be performed on all the inner and outer layers of the circuit, so that the copper foil circuits of the inner and outer layers can be positioned on the same datum in subsequent processes. 6. Lamination and Lamination Copper surface oxidation treatment-"disc version"-"pressing-" edge fishing target Generally, the surface of copper is oxidized with an alkaline solvent to produce black copper oxide. The crystals of the copper oxide are needles and can be used to strengthen the contact strength between layers. Next, the completed inner layer and the copper layer of the outer layer of the film machine are overlapped. Here, the inner layer and the outer layer must be accurately positioned by means of the positioning holes drilled in advance, and then the high temperature and high pressure laminating machine will Tightly integrated. 7. Mechanical drilling The main purpose of drilling is to make vias to connect the lines that need to communicate between the layers. The vias of the multilayer board will have different conduction requirements. Here, the simplest 4-layer board is used as an example, so blind buried holes are not involved. In order to save time and improve efficiency, three PCBs can be stacked and drilled at the same time. In order to avoid burrs, an aluminum plate is placed on the top and a pad is placed on the bottom to avoid the drill directly hitting the table. In fact, it is not necessary to work with three PCBs. The board manufacturer will determine the number of PCBs and stacks according to factors such as PCB thickness, aperture size, and hole location accuracy. According to experience, the rotation speed of the drill bit, the speed of drilling and the speed of the drill, and the life of the drill are important factors affecting the quality of the circuit board after molding. The porosity of the fibers causes CAF in the future. In addition, there are laser drilling processes for more demanding boards. Lasers can drill finer micro holes (Micro Via), but the cost is relatively high. Generally, high-density (HDI) boards use laser holes, and they are blindly buried Most of the holes in the board are laser holes. 8. Chemical precipitation Deslagging-"chemical copper-" electroplated copper Because the high-speed rotation of the drill will generate high temperature, when the high temperature exceeds the Tg point of the substrate (glass transition temperature), slag will be generated. If it is not removed, the inner copper foil will not be able to pass through the electroplated copper to form channels, Channels are formed but unstable. When removing the rubber residue, it will be soaked with a leavening agent for about 1-10 minutes to allow the various rubber residues to swell and relax before removal. A thin layer of copper is then chemically applied to the walls of the non-conductive holes. 9. Development of outer laminated film Its production method and principle are the same as the development method of the inner laminated film, but at this time there are already PTH metallized holes on the layout. 10. Electroplated copper / resist layer Next, copper is plated into the through-holes by electroplating until the customer's requirements are met, which generally requires more than 25um. Please note that the place where the dry film is at this time can prevent being plated with copper, but other places not covered by the dry film will also add about 25um of copper. 11. Etching Outer Circuits After the circuit board is etched, the outer layer of the circuit is already formed, and it is the same as the designed circuit. At this time, the etching resist film is no longer needed and must be removed to avoid affecting the subsequent surface treatment. Stripping the resist layer is usually performed by high pressure spraying get on. 12. Solder mask The main purpose of the solder mask layer is to distinguish the soldered assembly area from the non-soldered area. In addition, it can also prevent the copper layer from oxidizing and achieve aesthetic requirements. Originally thought that the solder resist layer was selectively printed on it, I did not expect to print the entire board with solder resist paint, then enter the baking box for pre-baking, and then use the film to make contact exposure Transfer the image on the negative to the solder mask, then use UV to dry the area not covered by the light to allow the solder mask to truly adhere to the circuit board, and finally clean the mask area in the chemical tank. To expose the copper surface that can be soldered. If it is a relatively simple solder mask or a solder mask with a large dimensional tolerance, you can also use screen printing to selectively print the solder mask. 13. ENIG chemical nickel gold The ENIG surface treatment process is generally used to make chemical nickel deposits on copper pads. The thickness of the nickel layer is controlled by controlling time and temperature. Then the fresh nickel activity just deposited is used to put the nickel pads into acidic gold water. The substitution reaction displaces gold from the solution to the surface of the pad, that is to say, nickel is replaced, and part of the surface nickel will be dissolved in the gold water. The replaced gold will gradually cover the nickel layer. After the nickel layer is completely covered, the replacement reaction will automatically stop, and the process can be completed after cleaning the pad surface dirt. 14. Electroplated hard gold The purpose of electroplating hard metal for selective electroplating is to increase its resistance to friction. Therefore, it can be seen in the film that the parts that do not need to be plated with hard gold are pasted to reveal only the areas that need to be plated. Only part of the PCB is shown in the film. Soak in the plating solution. 15. Silkscreen The early text (white paint) was almost all completed by screen printing, but the silk screen printing ink needs to be added with solvents and volatile, which is not good for the human body. Now some new text printing has switched to inkjet printing, and it is also very fast accurate. After screen printing or inkjet printing, it needs to go through the oven to fix white paint. However, most of the domestic mass-produced PCBs still use the screen printing process. At this point, the manufacturing process of the circuit board is completed, and the electrical measurement, analysis, and packaging are only included later. 16. Flying Probe Test The prototype test of the circuit board usually uses the flying probe test. If the quantity is large, the needle bed test can also be used to save time. The test is mainly open / short test 17. Molded split board The shape of the circuit board is usually formed by using a milling machine and a CNC machine to control the shape of the circuit board and divide the board. 18. V-Cut If there is a board with V-Cut requirements, it is necessary to cut out V-grooves in the defined place. 19. Visual inspection and packaging Final visual inspection and vacuum packaging

[2018 China's PCB output value exceeds 34 billion multi-layer board dominates] China's electronic circuit industry is on the path of [industrial transfer", and China has a healthy and stable domestic demand market and significant manufacturing advantages, attracting a large number of foreign-funded enterprises to shift their production focus to mainland China. After years of accumulation, the domestic PCB industry has gradually matured. As a major production area for single-layer PCBs, mainland China is further extending to the mid-to-high-end market. In recent years, the scale of China's PCB production has expanded year by year. According to the statistics of China's printed circuit board manufacturing industry market prospects and investment strategic planning analysis report released by Prospective Industry Research Institute, the scale of China's PCB production value has reached US$20.17 billion in 2010. As of 2017, China's PCB output value has increased to 29.73 billion US dollars, an increase of 9.7%, accounting for 50.53% of the global total. By the end of 2018, the scale and growth rate of China's PCB industry's output value reached a record high, with an output value of US$34.5 billion, a year-on-year increase of 16.0%. As downstream electronic products pursue light, thin, short and small development trends, PCBs continue to develop in the direction of high precision, high integration, and thinness. However, compared with Japan, South Korea, Taiwan and other regions, PCB products in mainland China are still dominated by low-end products such as single and double panels and multi-layer boards with less than 8 layers. In 2017, among China's PCB products, the proportion of multi-layer boards reached 41.5%. [Emerging industries promote industry development in the future China's PCB output value will exceed 40 billion US dollars] China is a globally influential electronic information product manufacturing base and consumer market. With the continuous advancement of "Made in China 2025", in emerging markets such as mobile Internet, Internet of Things, big data, cloud computing, artificial intelligence, driverless cars, etc. A number of well-known local companies have emerged to provide more development opportunities for the supporting electronics manufacturing industry. In addition, since 2019, Henan, Beijing, Chengdu, Shenzhen, Jiangxi, Chongqing and other places have launched action plans or planning programs to support the 5G industry. With the advent of the 5G commercial era, the construction of network infrastructure such as base stations is accelerating, and the requirements for communication materials are higher and the demand for 5G communication equipment will be larger. Major operators will invest more in 5G construction in the future. Therefore, there will be a huge market for communication PCBs in the future. It is estimated that by 2022, China's PCB output value will exceed 40 billion US dollars, and by 2024, the output value will reach 43.8 billion US dollars, and the market scale is very large. [Industrial investment will be upgraded. Taiwanese PCB industry fights 5G wisdom] The total output value of Taiwanese businessmen at both sides of the PCB was increased from NT$522.2 billion in 2013 to NT$514.1 billion in 2018, with a growth rate of 24.7%. TPCA (Taiwan Circuit Board Association) said that it faces the future US-China trade and mainland China industry. Regulations, return to Taiwan investment concessions and many other changes, the recent cross-strait investment incentives, but the transfer of pcb factory, looking at the end customer requirements, whether the upstream and downstream supply chain is complete and other factors. Taiwan's PCB industry is responding to the 5G era, Taiwanese companies have invested in improving process capability and production technology. Under the three factors of international situation, investment preference and 5G layout, the PCB industry has successively passed the PCB industry in the first quarter of this year. Taiwanese businessmen are welcome to return to Taiwan to invest in action plans and urban industrial zones to update their three-dimensional development plans. The total investment amount is more than 15 billion Taiwan dollars. The company is investing in high-end products and 5G layouts. It is reported that there are still manufacturers to apply for proposals. [5G, artificial intelligence, car networking and other emerging markets pose a higher challenge to PCB] At present, in the printed circuit board industry, 5G, Internet of Things, data center, automotive electrification and intelligent PCB demand are increasing, PCB industry growth momentum is sufficient, PCB products tend to be high-end - high system integration, high performance. Emerging markets such as 5G, artificial intelligence, and car networking have also raised higher challenges for PCBs. For these emerging markets, high-end high-frequency high-speed pcb boards for high-end PCBs require a comprehensive upgrade of their processes and raw materials, and comprehensive technical barriers. The key to achieving high frequency in PCBs is the high frequency copper clad laminate material and the PCB manufacturer's own processing technology.